Qualitative Analysis-Part 2 Anions Essay

Chloride Solution + 0. 1M AgNO3 = vacuous precipitate formed, very fine texture. Iodide solution + 0. 1M AgNO3 = scandalmongering/white precipitate formed, cloudy texture. Silver Chloride + ammonium hydroxide = white precipitate forms, slowly begins to disappear. Adding HNO3 the reappearance of a white precipitate began, indicating the front end of the chloride. SO4 solution + 0. 5mL of BaCl2-CaCl2 = heated for about 10minutes, fine white precipitate passim test tube. 5drops of 6M HCl + SO4 = no change indicating no reception took place, confirming that sulphate is not gratuity in solution. Un cognize SubstanceWhen examination for carbonates, pocket-size to no reception took place indicating no presence of carbonates. While testing for Chloride and Iodide, my solution reacted with sulphric point and a yellow-ish colour change took place. No reaction took place when added to hydrochloric acid or barium hydroxide. Sulphate was tested for and no reactions or changed underwent, c onfirming that it is not present in the solution. Ammonium hydroxide was not needed due to Ag not being present in solution. Iodide present, upon liberation of CH2Cl2 solution, red-ish/brown colour change along with 2 separate layers forming. DiscussionIn wastewater and drinking water today, in that respect are many ions and anions alike that we make come into contact with and induce to test for. These tests allowed me to get a first hand experience on testing for certain anions in a known and unknown substance. It is grand to be able to detect substance in solutions, known tests are designed to allow one chemic react with another chemical substance to confirm the presence or absence of anions. By running a series of reactions, it provides a clear understanding of what chemicals are present in what solutions. This then allowed me to test for unknown anions in an unknown solution.These tests are primal because it could cause the plants to change the processes that are taken to clear and purify our water. oddment My solution was present with Iodide after running a series of experiments. It is known that a red/brown colour change will equal and two layers will form. Both of these things took place confirming what was mentioned above. Questions 1. What is an ion? An ion is an atom or molecule that undergoes change. 2. What is a polyatomic anion? A polyatomic anion is a supercharged ion made up of 2 or more atoms covalently bonded. 3.What products are produced when an acid like H2SO4 reacts with a carbonate like CaCO3? Why is this type of reactions so important for the fresh waters of southern Ontario? H2CO3 and CaSO4 would be produced, this type of reaction is important to the fresh waters of southern Ontario because this allows for better for vegetation which helps halt the water clean. 4. What is a quantitative analysis? How does it differ from a qualitative analysis? A quantitative analysis is the detection of the presence of chemical elements in an u nknown substance as to where qualitative analysis utilize to separate

Analysis of the article from Foucault’s perspective Essay

In Discipline and Punishment, Foucault focuses on the major social function institution, which is penitentiary strategy, or system of penalty and cake of delinquent and deviant doings. Andrew Jacobs in his article entitled Whistle-Blowers in Chinese City Sent to Mental infirmary discusses the governments peel against undesirable, yet legal, actions of citizens like petitioning and seeking justice. The present paper is intended to crumple the article through the lens of Foucaults framework of punishment.First of all in all, it call for to be noted that neither Foucault nor Jacobs write ab off the justice as the conceptual and moral foundation of the so-called law enforcement authorities. In Foucaults opinion, what in reality underlies the entire punishment system is striving for power as the end in itself in the Middle Ages, for instance, public execution of instruments were administered in cases of those criminals who ostensibly undermined the rulers power and political influence.The article by Jacobs in fact is special evidence of this thesis whereas the citizens do actually cipher unlawful by preparing petitions, they are nevertheless placed in mental health institutions, due to the fact that they to certain degree interfere with the execution of absolute power. This also proves the fact that the modern authorities and power/ boldness institutions nowadays have become so complicated and autonomous system that they begin to function for their own sake, forgetting about their initial purpose, which consisted in help the interests of the multitude.Foucault admits that the present-day punishment is free of tortures in order to evoke in potential criminals the fear of the penalty itself, rather than the pain and physical suffering.The educatee also adds that science in technology increasingly more a lot serve the purposes of this system so that a number of professionals including lawyers, police officers, engineers and psychiatrists are involv ed into the examination and investigation. In this sense, the case of Shan applyg Province clearly shows that relatively painless measures are used to prevent citizens from excessive petitioning moreover, a palmy tandem of police authorities and mental health specialists increase the reliability of this practice During a 20-day stay, he said, he was lashed to a bed, forced to fasten on pills and given injections that grime him numb and woozy.According to the paper, when he told the doctor he was a petitioner, not mentally ill, the doctor said I dont wangle if youre sick or not. As eagle-eyed as you are sent by the township government, Ill dole out you as a mental patient (Jacobs, par.5). Thus, even health care as a social institution in general is actually an institution of social control, fully supporting and following the ambitions and interests of the existing authorities. imputable to the fact that justice-seekers, as it has been noted above, act legally, they are not legal to become prison gyps, so law enforcement agencies send them to mental infirmarys.This means, the punishment and corrections system has become so vast and multifaceted that it wad now achieve a number of different goals, including the goal of dread a penalty on the individual, whose actions are not fully estimable for the institutions of power. Thus, such institutions, which serve their own needs, find strategies of curbing unfavorable behavior and select a path of minimal resistance instead of officially declaring active petitioners as criminals (which will result in the need for reviewing and revise the entire legislation), these officials make an open statement that truth-seekers are simply mad and need special medical treatment.Thus, they even show this situation as the act of saving the society from one more mentally disturbed citizen and preserving or improving this persons health. Thus, the philosophy ostensibly inherent this practice seems noble, but it needs to be remembered that the institutions of power and social control work moistly for their own sake and attempt to expand and strengthen their influence.Foucault also dedicates a part of his work to describing the concept of check into. In particular, the assimilator asserts that discipline is one of behavioral compliance-gaining techniques, which consists in managing the distribution of individuals in space, arrogant their time and clearly defining their relations with the institutions of social control.In this sense, the Chinese authorities obviously seek to introduce a new discipline and eliminate the habit of creating petitions and lawsuit against the governmental institutions, i.e. the practice of hospital childbed is intended to deter individuals from interfering with the governments course. This is actually the pith of discipline the recognition of power, obedience and absolute acceptance of the programs and campaigns of the ruling institutions. Moreover, this out of comm on type of discipline allows finding supporters, who would be the social engines of the advance and progress of the governments activities.Finally, it is important to focus on the plain concept of punishment as explained by Foucault and addressed by Jacobs. Obviously, hospital incarceration includes all the components of punitive measure including control over the inmates body (i.e. the person depends on the institution in terms of the satisfaction of their basic needs) management of the prisoners time and activities and, thirdly, modulating the penalty. In the context of the article by Jacobs, the last component means administering additional therapies, which make the person half-unconscious for days or suggesting the release from the institution in exchange for signing a refusal of the petition. Importantly, the inmate is surveilled, but cannot see all of their watchers.As one can conclude, although the incarceration in mental hospitals is not a traditional form of punishment, it is actually convertible to the regular imprisonment, because of the similar concepts like panopticism, discipline, painless punishment and the execution of the governments authority.BibliographyRainbow, P. The Foucault Reader. modernistic York Random House, 1984.Jacobs, A. Whistle-Blowers in Chinese City Sent to Mental Hospital

Homers The Odyssey Essay

Homers The Odyssey is one of the roughly valued and super regarded classical stories in the humanness of literature. Coming from the grandiose and mysterious world and era of the Greek mythology, The Odyssey has been seen to be one of the heavy(p)est stories that dealt about heroes, tragedies, gods and goddesses and chivalric journeys. Over the years, this work of the great writer Homer has likewise been regarded to be one of the most significant works the world has ever had (The Odyssey n. p. ).The Odyssey, because of its in worseningible value and significance in the world of literature has been one of the most studied classic stories in the academe. Its characters as well be well-nigh of the most admired and explored personalities in the world of literature. And one of these great and natty characters is the chief Odysseus himself. Odysseus was depicted in the write up as a great man who led a group of warriors and voyagers in the great feat to the sea which was popul arly called the Odyssey. He was presented in the story to be the disposition and the great decision maker of the group.If there is one thing rum in the story when it comes to its intellectual aspect, it would be more on Odysseus analytic and very intelligent abilities. Throughout the entire adventure of the troupe, several challenges and trials were bewilder to them at sea. During these times, Odysseus could be seen to be an indestructible hero of his team who never did back out and give up. He would analyze situations very profoundly and carefully, and he would whatsis solutions and remedies right then and there depending on his original and objective observations (Woodnutt 1).Thus aside from being a chief and a captain, Odysseus was also portrayed as the total representation of intelligent and hardly decisions that are solely based on radical observations and not on mere judgments and biases. But aside from this portrayal of Odysseus, an spick intellectual sum can also b e observable on how Homer created such terrible disasters that appeared inescapable to men, yet he was also able to device impeccable solutions to it.On the other hand, when it comes to the aesthetic appeal, The Odyssey also did not fall short. This work by Homer has been highly acclaimed by critics because of the grandiose and undischarged mixture of being poems, prose and hymns. It has also been commendable through time because of the judge of poe movement found in its text that leads its readers to a peak of aesthetic experience paving the way for more insightful thoughts (Chessik n. p. ). The narration was impeccable as it exposed the secrets and the wonders behind each characters and events.The characters and the command of language also played an important part as they were so strong that the characters of this classic have been etched in the minds of readers for years. Also, Homers use of metaphors and his excerpt of tone and rhythm were also impeccable. His ability to m old an amazing story was undeniable throughout the entire story. But most especially, this classic by Homer also did not fall short of relevant moral philosophy and lessons that can be valued for generations. Above everything else, The Odyssey is a story of heroes and rarified acts.It reflects the value of authority and respect for authority as something close to how race regard their gods (Johnston n. p. ). Also, The Odyssey also holds that particular magnificence as it celebrated write up and the arts that it also teaches people how significant history and the arts are for their lives. It also talks about inferno, its realities and nature that if only people would try to veer away from bad things and believe that they can be serious and straight people, then they can escape this miserable place after(prenominal) death and enjoy a feast and a banquet with gods in Olympus instead (Johnston n. p. ).

Marketing Logistics Services

Human beings act artificially when they are targeted for selling explore. This could affect the accuracy of the project. 5. To obtain information about the role-played by non-homogeneous media in spreading awareness about the service. explore methodology Research methodology is the way to solve the interrogation problems systemati blazon outy. It explains the various steps by and large adopted by a inquiryer in studying research problems along with the logic behind them. Research Approach Researcher has followed analyse method as the research approach in this study. canvas research is the best suited method for descriptive information.Research Design Type of research Descriptive Research Data sources Primary The primary information has been self-contained through interviewer enrolments. Secondary info has been collected with respect to information regarding the caller profile, industry profile and other related documents. Sampling technique candid random sampling Samp le size of respondents 180 The population of standard is unknown because we cant calculate the how many customer apply the professional couriers per day and the area of study is Visakhapatnam. Research instrumentA structured non-disguised interviewer enrolment was developed as a research instrument. Open ended, closed ended, dichotomous, be and rating scales were used in the questionnaire. Pilot Study Before the interviewer schedule is administered in to the field, it needs to be pre-tested. The judge that the interviewer schedule is administered in the pre-test should be roughly ssimilar to those who will be covered in the study. A pre-test was through to collect among 8 customers and necessary adjustments were made depending upon the effectiveness of the response.Then the final questionnaire was drafted establish on the feedback. Then this revised from of the questionnaire was used in the survey of the proposed sample population. Data collection The method of selective infor mation collection was through Customers The involve data was collected through personal interview and the Researcher intentional a simple questionnaire for this purpose and administered in person to the samples. Data is the backside of the all researches and they are the raw materials with which a research worker functions. Depending on the source, data can be classified as primary data and utility(prenominal) data.Primary Data Data gathered for the first time by researcher is known as primary data. This data was collected through consumer survey. This data was collected by a person through survey techniques. Survey research is the systematic gathering of data from the respondents through questionnaires. Some of the data was also collected by mearns of personal interview. The type of questions asked was * Open-ended questions these questions call for a response of more than a few words. In open-ended questions, the respondents are free to express their views in their own words. Multiple-choice questions The questions for which we withdraw a number of choices as aanswers are termed as multiple-choice questions. * dichotomous questions this is an extreme form of multiple-choice questions, which allows only two responses such a yes-no, agree-disagree, male-female etc. Tools used for data analysis * Ppercentage Analysis

Nursing Home Facility versus a General Acute Care Hospital

A breast feeding nucleotide facility also known as a rest stand can be defined as a place of student residence for people who need constant treat anxiety. A nurse firm offers a range of services in addition to skilled nursing and custodial c atomic number 18. These services include a room all(a) meals, kindly activities, personal fear, 24 hour nursing supervision and access to health check exam services. On the other hand a general acuate financial aid hospital is a health facility or institution which offers need checkup, surgical and intensive c ar together with maternity services for admitted patients as well out patients. This cargon is prone around the clock with the movement of a registered nursing staff and daily visits of the physician (Morton, P. Hudak, C. & Gallo B. (1998).Most nursing radixs bid ii basic types of services which include skilled medical do and custodial care. Skilled Medicare services are offered by accomplished professionals and can b e required for a limited period of cadence in case of an injury or illness. Consequently, skilled care whitethorn be needed on a massive confines institution if a resident/ patient requires injections or other treatments which are long term.This skilled medical care involves physical therapy w here the resident is helped to walk or get on or out of bed and even toileting. In case the patients or residents pick up wounds the nurse is say to assist in wound care which involves dressing and administration of antibiotics and supervise on endovenous fluids. Custodial or personal care includes attention in dressing, bathing, eating, walk and even toileting. Custodial care is required since people recovering may temporarily need assistance before they are suitable to function for themselves.Skilled and custodial care in a nursing al-Qaeda facility is given by a licensed and registered nurse who is supposed to be on duty all day long. The care is given until the patients are a ble to return to their homes and take care of themselves without much assistance or when the facility feels that there could be no further improvements on the individual patient. Some nursing homes do non have facilities that are apprised for Medicare for example beds therefore this facility is more of a residential home since it provides a room, meals and other necessary requirements for daily living and recreation. The patients here are treated more like a family since the nurses are able to cater more to their specific needs whether emotional or medical (Weiss Man.et al, 2001)While receiving skilled or rehabilitation, the nursing home will provide custodial care together with professional services, however the Medicaid paid does not cover all the cost of care and this means that the resident must(prenominal) cater for the other costs. A physician attends residents in a nursing home occasionally when need arises. Whereas in a General ague Care Hospital, nursing, care is orient ed and motivated by urgency. Diagnostic and alterative modalities are readily available and therefore immediate medical care decisions are necessary. Like in a nursing home, nursing care here is given by a registered nurse who is present all around the clock. In this facility medical care is instituted on entry and there are daily visits of the physicianLike in the nursing home, skilled care is given to the patients together with custodial care until patients have recovered or when they are referred to a nursing for further monitoring and care by a physician. Nursing services are super specialized due to a gritty rate of admissions and emergency. A high percentage of professional staff in the nursing department may also contribute to the specialization (Green gold NL.2004). This kind of facility attends to acute cases which may not be taken care of at home or a nursing home. Equally all the facilities are certified and patients are attended at individual level.ConclusionThere ar e significant differences on the care of patients in a Nursing shoes Facility and in a General Acute Care Hospital. These differences are so pronounced and are not necessary since both of the two facilities are health care facilities and all the residents medical care on a daily basis. The main objective of a health care facility is the provision of quality services.ReferencesGreen gold NL. When can we swop an established medical practice? AHA News2004406Morton, P. Hudak, C. & Gallo B. (1998). full of life care nursing a holistic approach 7th ed.Lippincott, Williams, WilkinsWeiss Man, DE Griffre, J Muchka, S Matson, S. Improving pain management in longterm care facilities. Journal of palliative medicine 2001 44567-573

Effects of Jejemon Essay

Jejemons, ar you one of them?Recently, psyche tagged me in a weird photo in facebook show JejemonI never knew that freakin word and didnt care until I byword on the news what they are, what it means and why the hell its cosmos aired everywhere. Well, at least in Phil. This hub is all about Jejemon. What is Jejemon?What is Jejemon real? It was derived from two linguistic communication jeje (from hehe means laughter) and mon (a Japanese-influenced suffix in Pokemon)Jejemons are the mint who laugh Jejejeje instead of heheheh in Pinoy SMS.Jejemons has multiplied through chatrooms, online games, social networks and wide in mobile texting. They became a popular subculture because they make their own rules of spelling, punctuation and grammar. They type words in the virtual world by jump capital and small letters, adding H, Z etc. So weird that save their group could understand.dHeY tYpe wOrdz lYk diZs**To view their web come in visit Jejemon.comJejemon became so controversial and often, it creates debates discussing the advantages anddisadvantages of Jejemon. nifty Effects of Jejemon* Gives pleasure to a social group. Jejemons became a tribe, so if you are one of them, you tend to enjoy like them. I cant object and Im not against them but I dwell every gang or sorority brings pleasure to anyone in a focal point he feels he belongs * Secret codes. If youre a Jejemon, you definitely know how to blab out and how to communicate with them. Only you and your folks can understand apiece other(a) pretty well. So maybe, in times of secrecy, you can chat using your special terms. * The feeling of freedom. Ifyoure a proud Jejemon, it withal means you dont care about anti-Jejemon critics. Its a sign that you are liberated from what others would think.Bad Effects of Jejemon* You forget your main language. Whatever it is, incline or Filipino, if youre a Jejemon, you always speak with it, so you get used to it. Your other dialects are set aside. Oftentimes, i t allow let you forget the right spelling or grammar in English or Filipino. * Jologs status. (Ok Jejemons dont freak out) Jologs, just like Jejemon, is a term used to denote low class group who are majority from the province towns, often times termed as tambay Jologs is a enunciate of no-care to the world of etiquette or whatever is prim and proper for that matter. * Outcast. Jejemons unfortunately are not widely accepted in the nation so if individual sort of suspects hes let the cat out of the baging to one, he wont talk with him again or be a friend with him. A perfect example would be what Ive read from a site that says, OMG youre a Jejemon Bye Because of it, Jejemon has been a big social issue. * thorny to read. All would agree its freaking hard to read Jejemon words.Sample Jejemon words and phraseseOw poHw (hello po)xInU pOe xLa? (sino po sila)jejejeje (heheheh)Do Jejemons pose you?-Top of Form* Yup so aggravator* No, they are cool.Bottom of FormSee results without voti ngDo Jejemons annoy you?DepEd (Department of Education) discourage everyone using such grammar because of the obvious effects. A lot of groups fox grown also to combatJejemons, they areJejebusters, Anti-jeje, GOTTA KILL EM ALL JEJEMON and some(prenominal) more.Surprisingly, the term Jejemon won the word of the year inSawikaan 2010 over nine other entries, by the University of the Philippines academic group in Diliman, Quezon City organized by the Filipinas Institute of Translation.I have no problem with Jejemons and they dont annoy me at all because I dont talk/text to anyone of their kind.

Financial to people who are living in poverty Essay

1. IntroductionMicrofinance is the provision of pecuniary to concourse who be living in s back toothtiness. The formation is providing micro loans to pathetic mortal who want to expand their business line. A series of monetary religious service include loaning, saving, insurance and so on. There be twain primary(prenominal) characteristic on microfinance. Firstly, it is focus on on be blue average income person or poor person for their customers. Secondly, it must ensure that the possibility of its make sustainable organic evolution. The beginning of the activity was most closely associated with economist Muhammad Yunus in 1976. He was born in Bangladesh. Between 30 years, the success of Grameen cambering partnership which was built by Yunus was noticed by the world. Then, microfinance has covered nearly development countries and some developed counties. In the case of the text book, microfinance was present by two extreme split, macro success and world(prenom inal) mess. For the macro success, lender loaned money to women in order to support their family. Then, very practically family got relinquish of poverty. By 2001, more than 7,000 microfinance institutions had served 120 cardinal borrowers around the world. On the opposite hand, there argon two debates lead to huge capers. Firstly, most of microfinance institutions new sh beholders were rich investors. Secondly, several competitive microfinance institutions loaned money to the same noncivilised clients, if crop or ventures fail, clients would face crushing debt loads. For example, in some parts of India, almost 80% of borrowers were in default.2. Case question 1Therefore, what pass off or so microfinance? Does it macro success or global mess?2.1 rise analysisFor the critical thinking of microfinance is SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis may jock us know more nigh microfinance totally. There argon two strengths for microfinance, the first one is that helped in decrease the poverty. The target of microfinance is to put forward loans to poor batch who want to seize on small business only stacknot able to ingest moneymaking(prenominal) intrust help. For example, more than 350 million mess in Indian below average income. The microfinance institutions offer the opportunity to them to start their ownbusiness. So, microfinance helps in decrease the poverty. The second one is that promoting the development of topical anesthetic community. If every psyche who receive small loans to become rich, the development of local anaesthetic community result be promoted. There be two weaknesses ab push through the microfinance. First of all, it is not proper regulated on banking process. Due to lack of gritty-octane rules and regulations there would lead to high case of ac reliance run a risk and defaults. Moreover, microfinance institutions focus on less flock only. For example, Indias 70% of people live in the village, that is to say that most of p oor knowledge base seaportt been touched. For the opportunity of microfinance, there atomic number 18 two main points likewise. initially, it tranquil has huge untapped market. For example, Pakistans microfinance industry was developing faster already, with an enlargement of nearly 47 percent during 2007 (AbanHaq, 2008). By the end of 2008, the borrowers had been extended to 1.7 million (Meher Shah, 2009). In addition, some small business which were loan from Microfinance institutions would provide much more employment opportunities. Microfinance institutions not only loan money to individual to start their business besides also help in the append the employment opportunity to them. There two threat analysis about microfinance as well. The first one is that over involvement of government. For example, in Indian, bank had freeze on credit to micro lenders for many times, it led to Indians microfinance industry pushed to the brink of collapse (Indias microfinance sector below threat, 2010). Furthermore, it is a high opposition industry. For example, Indians commercial bank normally provides about US$ 133 a week in credit to the microfinance industry (Indias microfinance sector under threat, 2010). So, it is cause to high contestation for much more applicant.2.2 Why has microfinance been quite successful on intercontinental basis? In the study case, 84% of microloan recipients are women(DEspallier, Gurin, & Mersland, 2011). Therefore, it is good find that most of microfinance institutions target to women. This is because that repayment is higher among female borrowers, they ordinarily do more conservative investment and reduce moral gamble risk(DEspallier, Gurin, & Mersland, 2011). On the other hand, when women improve their circumstances, they also improve the lives of their children. So, by investing in nutrition and education, they can help to create a better future for their children and their communities.Furthermore, many microfinance instituti ons help much poorest families get rid of poverty. It is to ensure that 175 million of the worlds poorest families, especially women, receive credit for self-employment and other financial and business services(DEspallier, Gurin, & Mersland, 2011). indeed, it absorbs global attention. In addition, the success of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh indicated that a new business molding had been created. Until recently, Grameen has reported repayment rates of 98% and serving over much more function to poor person (Morduch, 1999). This new business models was imitated by the world.3. Case Question 2Using agency theory, identify the area or improvement for the government of certain MFI pay off be imbed to engage in questionable practice. Microfinance institution is a party that dowry poverty to do business by offering mini-loan. It is an agency of not only providing finance service to support poverty but also an organization contributes to society. The main problem of lending money to p ool people is high risks of returning the money. The pool people, who are lack of educations, experience and withdraw more train to return to the job. As an agency the principal (top managers) contract profit while loan office is less concern about the interest.3.1 Agency theoryAgency theory explains the relationship amongst principals and agents. The documentary about this theory is to identify and calve the problem and conflict between principal and the agent of the principal. The two problems agency theory addresses are * riddle of desire goal of principal and agent are in conflict. * caper of different acts in managing the risk.This theory had been used in examining the relationship of agency, determine as a contract under which one or more persons (the principal) engage another person (the agent) to perform some on their behalf which involves depute some decision making authority to the agent (Jensen & Meckling, 1976) The following equivalence shows the result of prob lem come from. The utility of the principal impart focus on return, whereas the utility of the agent will focus on the income. ingredient wants to increase the income while the principalrefers to more return. As the result, there is a trade-off exist in between. UP (R) = 1/UA (I)UP = public-service corporation of the principalUA= Utility of the agentR = ReturnsI= IncomeIn consequent, to resolve the problem is to founding the ideal contract. There are two types of contracts visualise for such problem behavior-based contracts and outcome-based contracts. Behavior-based contract, the principal monitor, measure and reward the base on the agents behavior (Bergenetal, 1992). The outcome-based contract, the agent will be rewarded check to the realized outcome (Bergenetal, 1992).3.2 Porters Five ForcesPorters five forces is concept for analyzing industry and developing schema of a company to position business. Base on this concept to understand microfinance industry environment. Inve stors evermore seek for return the industry environment will impact how efficient the decision made for profit.Source(Porter, 1979)Suppliers (High)There are many investors in market those can divide into two types, commercial investor and combine investor. The faith investors are not seeks for profit, but long term poverty alleviation. (Cranenburgh, 2010)commercial investors are looking for return because the capital market is cheaper. Unfortunately there are most MFI remain lending money to pool people are in clod which the stakeholder are commercial investor. Threat of new entrants (High)Commercial investors are better in positioning that they have better access than financial service expertise. Low entrant capital require lead to low entrant standard require. The investors seeks return, it cause high impactin investment. Commercial investors look for short term invest, and it can be re-enter for commercial investment as a cycle. Threat of substitute (Medium)Poor people need mon ey of making living and other social take aim (education, insurance, sternness.eg) for life long. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) provides life insurance for poverty to improve the life expenses under the microfinance category. In many other countries, MFI design new financial service according to the need of poverty which laden very low interest. Internal rivalryIn fact, the intensity of competition is depends upon the size of the company in the game. As entrant barrier low, the study operators in industry are informal institution (SHGs, MFI and NGOs). The competition will increase when an established organization goes into market and implement promotional strategy for boosting out of bad situation as it is weak. In additional, some formal bank start to do financial support with the help of other commercial organization like provide loan for SHGs. This factor will attract more operators in market.3.3 Challenge Facing by MicrofinanceThe microfinance system is separated in three aims micro, meso and macro. To understand the function of those levels activity, identify the scrap MFIs are facing by governance.Source Adapted from Helms, Access for eachThe micro level activity includes both perspectives of clients and MFI. The problem comes out from the borrowers perspective is limitation of financial support. This would cause predatory lending practices. From the clients perspective, the problem relate to the managerial experience of clients, how they manage the funds and sustainable funds. The meso level is about services and infrastructures. The MFI need strong backup to support on-going financing lending process. Limited capacity would terminate the funds to borrower. The macro level consists of central bank, finance ministries and other financial department. The problem comes out the potential risk whennew policy established (monetary and currency, egg). The failure of systemic function would lead to a collapse of MIFs. 4. Case Question 3ON ET HICS Given the criticisms that the rich have literally profited from the shit poor. Do you have any reservations about investing in MFIs that have gone through IPOs? Microfinance is a key thing that can help people living in poverty to become financially independent. It is better able to provide for their families in times of economic difficulty. Considering nearly half of world in less than two dollars a twenty-four hours to survive, microfinance is an important solution. However, microfinance has its shortcomings. Thus, in our opinion about this question, we are neutral. Here are advantages and disadvantages in below.4.1 AdvantagesAccess Banks will not extend loans to those with little or no assets, and generally so not engage in small size of loans associated with micro-financing companies. Microfinance is based on the concept that even small amounts of credit can help end the vicious cycle of poverty. Extending educationFamilies receiving microfinance are less likely to pull t heir children to leave instill for economic reasons. correct health and welfareMicrofinance can lead to better access to jazzy drinking water and better sanitation, and providing better access to health precaution as well. SustainabilityIn the developing country, even a small works capital loans $100. It can be launch a small business. Benefactors can help pulling themselves and their families out of the poverty. For example, a 19-year-old girl named Salamatu, from Sierra Leone started interchange rice business (Kate, 2011). When her father and brother died, she could not pay the school fees by her own. She joined a local saving and Loans Group program in her community. This group can bring in small loans to them. Salamatu took out two loans. One is starting a small rice selling business and one is paying for her school fees (Kate, 2011). Job creation Microfinance can help create new jobs. It has a beneficial impact on the local economy. 4.2 Disadvantages most investors who a re interested in ad hoc microfinance IPO must be wary (wise GEEK, 2012). Because some microfinance institutions are free with funding to the poor, but require excessive interest payments in return. This can put a person into a wore financial hole. This would cause social unrest.MFIs in India increase the risks. MFIs might face increased pressure to provide the assets and income growth (Jennifer, 2010). Thus it would increase default risk. In addition, because of high yield investors interests, microfinance institutions issuing high risk loans. This could cause valuation issues. However, lenders often could not perform. Because India does not have national systems that track the borrowers credit history (Jennifer, 2010).5. ConclusionFirstly, we give the reason of microfinance has been successful. Secondly, we identify the areas for improvement of MFIs. Then, we provide the two parts advantages and disadvantages. Some considering buying into microfinance IPO should be carefully exam ined, and understand the company and its specific practices, then proceeding. Microfinance is not always appropriate. For extreme poor, or those who are sick or unable to work, microfinance may not be an appropriate tool. BibliographyIndias microfinance sector under threat. (2010, November). Australian Banking & Finance, p. 20. Cranenburgh, K. C. (2010). Analysis of the Microfinance Sector Faith Institutions and contact Investing. International Interfaith Investment Group, 37-38. DEspallier, B., Gurin, I., & Mersland, R. (2011, 5). Women and Repayment in Microfinance A Global Analysis. World Development, pp. 758-772. Haq, A. (2008). Microfinance Industry Assessment A stem on Pakistan. Islamabad Pakistan Pakistan Microfinance Network (PMN). Jongbloed, K. (2011). DIY Banks Make Education Possible For Girls. Retrieved from http//blog.becauseiamagirl.ca/diy-banks-make-education-possible-for-girls Meher Shah, A. N. (2009). attitude light on microfinance. Micro note. Islamab Pakistan M icrofinance Network (PMN). Morduch, J. (1999, October). The roleof subsidies in microfinance rise from the Grameen Bank. Journal of Development Economics, pp. 229-248. Shevock, J. (2010). Microloan Default Risk Rises in India as SKS Microfinance Plans Initial Public Offering (IPO). Retrieved from http//www.microcapital.org/microcapital-brief-microloan-default-risk-rises-in-india-as-sks-microfinance-plans-initial-public-offering-ipo/ WiseGEEK. (2012). What Is a Microfinance IPO? . Retrieved from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-microfinance-ipo.htm

The Emperor’s Role in Meiji Japan

japan is a society whose furoreure is steeped in the traditions and symbols of the by Mt. Fuji, the tea ceremony, and the sacred objects of nature revered in Shintoism. devil of the most important traditions and symbols in lacquer the emperor hardlyterfly and Confucianism select send awayured done despotisms, proceedss of imperial rule, and up to present day. The leaders of the Meiji Restoration usanced these traditions to recognize control e precise positioning lacquer and come on their goals of novelization.The Meiji leaders used the symbolisation of the emperor moth to add authenticity to their g solely overnment, by claiming that they were ruling under the empurpled bequeath. They as well as used Confucianism to maintain order and force the Nipponese pack to passively accept their rule. japanese rulers historicly have used the symbolic representation of the over-embellished Institution to justify their rule. The symbolism of the Japanese emperor butterfl y is in truth placeful and is wrapped up in a mix of theology (Shintoism) and myths.According to Shintoism the current emperor is the direct descendant of the Sun Goddess who form the is tears of Japan forbidden of the Ocean in ancient times. Foot none1 According to these myths the Japanese emperor moth unlike a King is a living descendent of the Gods and tied(p) today he is thought of as the High non-Christian priest of Shinto. Despite the agentful myths surrounding Japans imperial institution the emperor moth has enjoyed and figure foreland status from 1176 on.At some points during this time the emperor moth was reduced to selling c every(prenominal)igraphy on the streets of Kyoto to support the imperial household, but usually the emperor butterfly received money based on the almsgiving of the Shogunate. Foot none2 tho despite this obvious power imbalance even the Tokugawa Shogun was at least symbolically below the emperor moth in status and he claimed to rule so he c ould carry fall out the Within this historical context the Meiji leaders realized hat they needed to harness the conception of the purple leave behind in order to govern effectively.In the days leading up to 1868 members of the Satsuma and Choshu clans were part of the imperialist opposition. This opposition claimed that the that way that Japan could survive the encroachment of the foreigners was to rally around the Emperor. Footnote4 The loftyists, claimed that the Tokugawa Shogunate had lost its imperial mandate to carry out the purple pass on because it had capitulated to Western powers by allowing them to open up Japan to trade.During this time the psyches of the imperialists ained change magnitude support among Japanese citizens and intellectuals who taught at newly established schools and wrote revisionist history books that claimed that historically the Emperor had been the ruler of Japan. Footnote5 The fact that the Tokugawas policy of opening up Japan to the wes tern world ran counter to the beliefs of the Emperor and was unpopular with the public do the Tokugawa vulner competent to attack from the imperialists.The imperialists pressed their attack both militarily and from inwardly the Court of Kyoto. The great military regime of Edo which until recently had been all owerful was floundering not because of military weakness, or because the machinery of presidential term had broken but sooner because the Japanese public and the Shoguns supporters felt they had lost the The end of the Tokugawa regime shows the power of the symbolism and myths surrounding the imperial institution.The head of the Tokugawa clan died in 1867 and was replaced by the son of a lord who was a champion of Japanese historical studies and who agreed with the imperialists claims about restoring the Emperor. Footnote7 So in 1868 the new shogun transfer over all his power to the Emperor in Kyoto. Shortly afterwards handing over power to the Emperor, the Emperor Komeo died and was replaced by his son who became the Meiji Emperor. Footnote8 Because the Meiji Emperor was only 15 all the power of the new restored Emperor fell not in his hands but alternatively in the hands of his close advisors.These advisers such as Prince Saionji, Prince Konroe, and members of the Satsuma and Choshu clans who had been members of the imperialist movement ultimately wound up involving into the Meiji Bureaucracy and Genro of the Meiji Era. Footnote9 Once in control of the government the Meiji Leaders and advisors to the Emperor reversed their policy of hostility to Foreigners. Footnote10 They did this because after Emperor Komeo (who was strongly strange to contact with the west) died in 1867 the Meiji Emperors advisors were no want-lived bound by his Imperial Will.Being anti-western also no longer served the purposes of the Meiji advisors. Originally it was a appliance of the imperialist movement that was used to show that the Shogun was not acting out the Im perial Will. Now that the Shogun and Komeo Emperor were dead there was no longer a reason to The choice of the imperial thr testify by the imperialists as a point for Japan to rally around could not have been more wise. Although the imperial institution had no real power it had universal proposition appeal to the Japanese public. It was both a mythic and religious idea in their minds.Footnote11 It provided the Japanese in this time of chaos after advance in contact with foreigners a belief in stability (according to Japanese myth the imperial line is a unbroken lineage handed d cause since time immortal), and it provided a belief in the natural transcendency of Japanese culture. Footnote12 The symbolism of the Emperor helped ensure the success of the restorationists because it undercut the legitimacy of the Shogunates rule, and it trengthened the Meiji rulers who claimed to act for the Emperor.What is a great paradox about the Imperialists claims to restore the power of the Emper or is that the Meiji rulers did not restore the Emperor to power except symbolically because he was both too late and his advisors to power hungry. Footnote13 By 1869 the kindred between the Emperor and his Meiji bureaucracy and the Emperor and the Tokugawa Shogun before the restoration were very similar. Both the Meiji Bureaucrats and the Shogun ruled under the authority of the Emperor but did not let the Emperor conciliate any findings. In Japan the Emperor reigned but did not rule.This was useful for the new Meiji bureaucrats, it kept the Emperor a mythic The traditions and symbols of Confucianism and the Imperial Institution were already deeply congenital in the psyche of the Japanese but the new Meiji rulers through both an instruction dust, and the structure of the Japanese government were able to effectively inculcate these traditions into a new gen datetion of Japanese. The education constitution the Meiji Oligarchy founded transformed itself into a system that indoc trinated students in the ideas of Confucianism and reverence for the Emperor.Footnote15 After the death of Okubo in 1878 Ito, Okuma, and Iwakura emerged as the tether most powerful figures among the young bureaucrats that were menstruatening the government in the pee-pee of the Meiji Emperor. Iwakura one of the only figures in the ancient nobility to get along protuberance among the Meiji oligarchy allied with Ito who feared Okumas progressive ideas would destroy Japans culture. Footnote16 Iwakura it is thought was able manipulate the young Emperor to grow concerned about the need to strengthen tralatitious morals.Thus in 1882 the Emperor issued the Yogaku Koyo, the forerunner of the Imperial society on preparation. Footnote17 This document put the emphasis of the Japanese education system on a moral education from 1882 onward. Previous to 1880 the Japanese education system was modeled on that of the French education system. After 1880 the Japanese briefly modeled their edu cation system on the American system. Footnote18 However, starting with the Yogaku Koyo in 1882 and ending with the 1885 reorganization of the department of reproduction along Prussian lines the American model was abolished.The new education minister Mori Arinori after counterpunching from europium in 1885 with Ito was convinced that the Japanese education system had to have a spiritual oundation to it. Footnote19 In Prussia Arinori proverb that foundation to be Christianity and he appointive that in Japan the Education system was to be based on reverence for the Imperial Institution. A picture of the Emperor was placed in every lineroom, children read about the myths surrounding the Emperor in school, and they versed that the Emperor was the head of the giant family of Japan.Footnote20 By the time the Imperial rescript on Education was decreed by the Emperor in 1889 the Japanese education system had already begun to transform itself into a system that did not teach how to t hink but instead what o think. The Imperial Rescript on Education in 1889 was according to Japanese scholars such as Hugh Borton , the nerve axis of the new order. Footnote21 Burton believes that the Imperial Rescript on Education signaled the rise of depicted objectistic elements in Japan. The Imperial Rescript on Education was the culmination of this whole movement to the right.The Rescript emphasized loyalty and filial theology, keep an eye on for the constitution and readiness to serve the government. It also exalted the Emperor as the coeval between heaven The Constitution of 1889 like the changes in the education ystem helped strengthen reverence for the Imperial Institution. The 1889 constitution was really the trice document of its kind passed in Japan the first being the Imperial Oath of 1868 in which the Emperor laid out the structure and who was to head the new Meiji government.Footnote23 This Imperial Oath was refereed to as a constitution at the time but it only ver y vaguely laid out the structure of government. The constitution promulgated by the Emperor in 1889 did such(prenominal) more then lay out the structure of Japanese government it also affirmed that the Emperor was the supreme sovereign over Japan. Footnote24 The sign language ceremony itself was an auspicious event on the way to it Mori Arinori one of the lessen leaders of the Meiji government was attacked and killed by a crazed rightist.Footnote25 The ceremony itself evoked both the past and present and was symbolic of the Meiji governments shift toward the right and the governments use of the Emperor as supreme ruler. Before signing the document Emperor Meiji prayed at the palace sanctuary to uphold the name of his imperial ancestors he then signed the constitution which affirmed the sanctity of the Emperors title (Tenno Taiken), and his ight to make or abrogate any law. Footnote26 The constitution also set up a bicameral legislature.Footnote27 The constitution codified the powe r of the Emperor and helped the Meiji oligarchy justify their rule because they could point to the constitution and say that they were carrying out the will of the Emperor. The Meiji Emperor even after the Constitution of 1889 enjoyed little real power. The Meiji Emperor did not even come to cabinet meetings because his advisors told him if the cabinet made a decision that was different then the one he wanted then that would bring into being dissension and would destroy the idea of theImperial Institution. So even after the Meiji Constitution the Emperor was still predominantly a symbol. Footnote28 The Constitution ingrained in Japanese society the idea that the government was being run by lavishlyer forces who new better then the Japanese people, it also broadened the base of support of the Meiji Rulers who now had a document too promote they were acting on Imperial Will and their decisions were imperial decisions not those of genuine mortals.Footnote29 The symbolism of the Emp eror and use of Confucianism allowed the Meiji rulers to fulfill their goals. One of their goals was the bolishment of the system of fiefs and return of all land to the Emperor. At first the new Meiji Rulers allied themselves with the Daimyo clans in opposition to the Tokugawa Shogun. But once the Meiji leaders had gained a control they saw that they would need to abolish the fief system and concentrate power in the hands of a central government.The Meiji rulers achieved their goals by having the Choshu, Satsuma, Tosa, and Hizen clans give up their lands, granting the Daimyos life-size pensions if they gave up their clans, and by having the Emperor issue two decrees in July 1869, and marvellous 1871. Footnote30 The role and symbolism of the Emperor although not the sole factor in influencing the Daimyo to give up their fiefs, was vital. The Meiji Oligarchs said that not turning in the fiefs to the Emperor would be disloyal and pointed to the historical record which Meiji scholars claimed showed that historically all fiefs were the shoes of the Emperor.Footnote31 They showed this by claiming that the Shogun would switch the rulers of fiefs and this proved that the Daimyos did not control the title to their land but merely held it for the Emperor. Imperial decrees and slogans of loyalty to the Emperor also ccompanied the abolition of the Samurai system. Footnote32 In the abolishment of both these feudal systems the symbolism of the Emperor as both the director of the initiative and recipient of the authority afterwards contend a vital role in ensuring there success.Footnote33 The abolishment of fiefs and the samurai class were essential for the stability and industrialisation of Japan. Footnote34 Without the concentration of land and power in the hands of the Meiji oligarchs and the Emperor the Meiji oligarchs feared they would receive opposition from powerful Daimyos and never gain control and uthority over all of Japan. Historical examples bear out the fe ars of the Meiji Oligarchy in 1467 the Ashikaga Shogun failed to control many of the fiefs and because of this a civil war raged in Japan.Footnote35 The centralization of power allowed the Meiji government to have taxing authority over all of Japan and pursue national projects. Footnote36 The unity of Japan also allowed the Meiji Oligarchs to reduce on national and not local issues. The use of Confucianism and the Emperor also brought a degree of stability to Japan during the tumultuous Meiji geezerhood. The Emperors ere presence on a train or in western clothes were large to convince the public of the safety or goodness of the Meiji oligarchys industrial policy.In one famous instance the Japanese Emperor appeared in a train car and after that riding trains became a common place activity in Japan. The behavior of the Imperial family was also critical to acceptance of western cultural practices. Before 1873 most Japanese women of a high social position would shave their eyebrows and blacken their teeth to appear beautiful. But on March 3rd 1873 the Empress appeared in public wearing her own eyebrows and with unblackened teeth. Following that day most women in Tokyo and around Japan stopped shaving their eyebrows and blackening their teeth.Footnote37 The Imperial institution provided both a key tool to change Japanese culture and feelings about industrialization and it provided stability to Japan which was critical to allowing industrialists to invest in factories and increase exports and The symbols and the traditions the Meiji leaders inculcated Japanese society with helped the Meiji government maintain stability and pursue its economic policies but it also had severe limitations that limited the revolutionary scope of the Japanese government and elped bring about the downfall of the Meiji era.The use of Confucianism and the Emperor to bolster up the Imperial restoration laid the foundation for a paradox of bring up aff air travels. The system that sou ght to strengthen Japan through the use of modern technology and modern organization methods was using traditional values to further its goals. Footnote39 This caused some to turn toward the west for the enlightenment the Meiji era promised this was the case with Okuma who was eventually forced out of the increasing nationalist Genro. Footnote40 For others it lead them to severe nationalism rejecting all that was western.This was such the case of Saigo who believed till his death on his own sword that the Meiji leaders were hypocritical and were violating the Imperial Will by negotiating and work with the west. Footnote41 The Meiji government used the same symbols and traditions that the Tokugawa used and like the Tokugawa gave the Emperor no decision making power. The Meiji Emperor although he had supreme power as accorded in the constitution never actually made decisions but was instead a pawn of the Meiji Genro who claimed to carry out his Imperial Will.This Imperial Will they decided for themselves. Like the Shogunate the Meiji governments claim to rule for the Emperor was fraught(p) with problems. The Imperial Will was a fluid idea that could be take by different parties under changing circumstances. And just like the Meiji rulers were able to topple the Shogun by claiming successfully that they were the true administrators of the Imperial Will the warmonger elements in the 1930s were able to topple the democratic elements of Japan partially by claiming the mantle of ruling for the Emperor.Footnote42 From this perspective the Meiji Oligarchs building up of the Imperial story was a fatal flaw in he government. The constitution which says in article I, The empire of Japan shall be governed over by a line of Emperors unbroken for ages eternal gave to whoever was acting on the Imperial Will absolute The symbols of the Emperor and the tradition of Confucianism did not end with the end of the Meiji era or world war two.Today the idea of filial piety is sti ll strong, multiple generations of a family still usually live unneurotic even in cramped Japanese housing. The religion of Shinto that the Meiji leaders rejuvenated during their rule in order to help foster the imperial cult is still thriving as he thousands of Tori gates and Shrines around Japan attest. Footnote44 But the most striking symbol to survive is that of the Emperor au naturel(p) after world war two of all power the Emperor of Japan is still revered.During the illness of Emperor Showa in 1989 every national newspaper and television show was full of reports related to the Emperors health. During the six months the Showa Emperor was sick before he died all parades and public events were canceled in respect for the Emperor. Outside the gates of the Imperial palace in Tokyo long tables were set up where people lined up to sign tease to wish he Emperor a speedy recovery. The news media even kept the type of illness the emperor had a secret in deference to the Emperor.At hi s death after months of illness it was as if the Imperial Cult of the Meiji era had returned. Everything in Japan closed down , hidden television stations went as far as to not air any commercials on the day of his death. And now almost six years after his death more then four hundred and lambert thousand people trek annually to the isolated grave berth of Emperor Showa. Footnote45 The traditions and symbolism of Confucianism and the Emperor ere critical to the Meiji oligarchs gaining control of power and goals of industrialization.The oligarchy inculcated the Japanese public with these traditional values through an education system that punctuate moral learning, and through a constitution that established the law of Japan to be that of the Imperial Will. The values of Confucianism and symbol of the Emperor allowed the Meiji government to passive gain control of Japan by appealing to history and the restoration of the Emperor. But the Meiji oligarchs never restored the Emperor to a position of real semipolitical power.Instead he was used as tool by the oligarchs to achieve their modernization plans in Japan such as the abolishment of fiefs, the end of the samurai, the propagation of new cultural practices, and pubic acceptance of the Meiji oligarchs industrialization policies. The symbols and traditions of Japans past are an enduring legacy that have manifested themselves in the Meiji Restoration and today in Japans continued reverence for Hidejiro Nagata, A Simplified Treatise on The Imperial House of Japan Takatsu Kuwasaburo, The History of The Empire of Japan (Tokyo Dai Nippon Tosho Kabushiki Kwaisha, 1893) 206.

Jack London Questions and Essay on “To Build a Fire” Essay

1. What does survival of the fittest mean, and where does the phrase come from? Survival of the fittest means that species or race with the best acquired characteristics would subsist. And the phrase comes from one of the authors that nigh influenced London, Herbert Spencer.2. What is t closingerism? wherefore was London attracted to it? heartyism is an economic system in which the means of divination be owned and controlled by the working class. And London was attracted to it because of his experience in realityner gave him an insight into the terrible effects of poverty on raft who had no political power.3. What is social Darwinism? What were its origins and how did London discover this philosophy? Social Darwinism was a late 19th century sociological theory which was chiefly based on the writings of Herbert Spencer, which they originated from his writings as well. And London interpret this philosophy, London interpreted his philosophy as bring forwarding that the Anglo- axon where superior to e re all toldyone. get off the ground 21. What is the setting of the business relationship?The trading floor to build a burn up takes place in Yukon in Northwestern Canada, in the winter when the homo starts out to make his way to a mining camp at like around 9 AM in the morning and whatnot.2. What is the telephone exchange conflict of the story? What is the source of the trial?The central conflict of the story is that the creation is stuck and lost out in the wild, and he is rapidly detecting frost bite on his body(fingers and detention) and he is seek to survive without a companion out in the wild, and I cogitate the source of the struggle is that he didnt have a companion that could have helped him passim the story because he felt like he didnt claim one, even though he was told that it is unsafe to go out in those lands without a companion.3. What happens to Tom Vincent at the end of the story? What does he study? At the end of the story Tom Vincent finally gets a suggest started and makes a sacrifice of burning his men because of the frost bite condition, so he goes through the pain to save his life, because he thinks that no hands is better than no life, and the he keeps on rubbing his feet and warming his hands for I believe three hours, and the very next day he pitifully lips to the cherry creek camp and learns that you shouldnt travel alone. originate 31. What happens to the central character at the end of the second rendition? At the end of the second stochastic variable the central character which I believe is the man, tumbles because of him freezing to death beside his dog, but the dog fortunately does not die.2. Which one of these endings do you think more than clearly meets the conventions of naturalism? Be sure to consider the concept of determinism as you list your reasons. I think that out of both the endings, that ending two clearly meets the conventions of naturalism more because natural laws overco mes the man, by killing him which in a way shows that very little importance the man can overcome his death. And as well as in the second version the man does not have a appellation which shows how little importance the man is to jack London as a unique person and whatnot. I think that the second ending has an tone of determinism in fate, which plays an unpleasant part in the mans death.direction Question How does To Build a Fire illustrate the elements of representational literary productions?To build a fire By Jack London illustrates the elements of naturalistic literature in umteen ways throughout the second version of the story which was written in 1908, because of Jack London trying to gift across the ideas of naturalistic literature and whatnot. Naturalistic literature was a literary movement during the 1880s and 1940s that used realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment has inescapable force in shaping a mankind character. It wanted to repre sent a picture of literary movement that replicated a believable everyday reality unlike romanticism and surrealism which portrayed fantastic and of the supernatural. Naturalism is usually defined as the philosophical conclusion that the save reality is nature.There are also many varieties of naturalism. And in the story To build a fire the man views death as a part of nature that cannot be stopped at all, which is one of the reasons wherefore To build a fire is a great example of naturalistic literature, determinism, and social Darwinism as well. Jack London was an author who grew up in poverty because of his fathers absence in his life and of his mystifys as well. He was born on January 12, 1876 in San Francisco, draw near by his mother and step father, John London. He left condition at the age of 14 then later adopted the collective views as a member of protest armies of the unemployed.He was even arrested in 1894 in Niagara Falls and jailed for vagrancy. He educated himse lf in public libraries and at 19 he gained admittance to the University of California at Berkeley. His life was much laid out with obstacles and depression of some sort, but all this influenced his socialism and naturalistic literature which later helped him become one of the approximately important authors. Characteristics of naturalistic fiction, which in to build a fire was the man, get down to control their own lives, but are usually threated by right(prenominal) forces, which was the environment in the story. They also have settings that tend to be shabbiness, harsh, and are sometimes urban. In the story it would be Yukon which is showed as a hard, cold-blooded, dark place.They also often deal with brutality as well as struggle for survival, like how the man tried to survive by trying to build a fire and even trying to eat his dog. They also generally build their work around the concept of determinism. Determinism means that pile are at mercy of the forces beyond their c ontrol, like nature in the story. Thats why to build a fire has so many characteristics of naturalism literature. But in the story naturalism literature is most shown in how the man doesnt overcome the environment because its already written by the circumstances of the environment that he will die because of such harsh cold temperature. And determinism is expressed through the mans desire to the fire even though he is faced with dread odds.Day has broken cold and grey, exceedingly cold and grey, shows how cold the day was which is an example of nature against both the man and the dog is. other good example of how the story gives out a naturalist founding is when the mad describes powder frost and crystalized breath which is an element present that you can use to picture the realness of the story, because you can imagine what it would be like to see your breath freeze onward your spit freezes before actually hitting the ground.I also found that To build a fire also illustrates social Darwinism because of how both the man and the dog end up at the end of the story. At the end of the story the man dies because his biology and naturalistic environment dont allow him to survive. Herbert spencer premiere coined the phrase survival of the fittest which jack London in my opinion illustrates in the story.An example of it would be how the dog survives instead of the man I think it would survive because of its fur coat, and its ability to survive better in such environment. The dog acquired the best characteristics that helped him survive unlike the man who dies freezing. All in all I think that to build a fire by Jack London does illustrate determinism, social Darwinism and naturalism literature, from him trying to survive by building a fire to how the dog survived instead of the man because of his biology.

Project Management E-Mail Essay

Recommendation for Piper Industries Corporation declare oneself Management Dear Project ManagerAfter reviewing the information that was provided in a previous email regarding the three chucks coded, Juniper, Palomino and Stargazer, I believe it allow be more beneficial for the society to use the Palomino project. In my personal analysis, with the Juniper project, there is just too much low bump of exposure with completion on time, and with the Stargazer Project, although forecasted ROI within the next three days looks promising, there is potential of extra cost, questions of how familiar the customer will be with the final product and not sure if it is worth the high risk of completion.I arrived to the decision of using the Palomino Project using the feasibility report method. Further analysis showed that it just made more sense for the lodge to use the Palomino approach because it answered all of the questions concerning Return On Investment, the risk mingled to complete t he project, and more important is the benefit overall to the company. Using the corresponding method with the opposite two projects did not present the same information.WWW.projectinsight.net defines caution as the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to a broad range of activities in regularise to meet the requirements of a particular project. (Project Insight, 2014). The process is just divided into 5 phases 1. Conception and Initiation This phase is the bringing thought to paper or is the creation of the project, making sure it is realistic and is something that will benefit the organization. 2. commentary and Planning This phase is where the plan is put together, this is where the team develops the blueprint of the project, resources, costs and setting priorities. 3. Launch and Execution In this phase the tasks are further defined and assigned to specific team members for action. 4. Performance and Control In this phase, project private instructorswi ll check progress and status against the plan to tick off if project is progressing as plan and make necessary adjustments if necessary to understand the project stays on target. 5. Close In this phase, the project manager assesses the final outcome of the project to make sure it met expectations that was originally think from the beginning. This where the project manager will also conduct evaluation of what transpired during this project and highlight specific successes and lessons learned during the process of completing this project.Key DeliverablesThe report deliverables for the Palomino Project are as follow Introducing a new declivity of widgets, that will include enhancements. There is existing technology that will be used for these new enhancements and by doing so will help the company long term by investing capital in other areas and benefiting from the Return on Investment from this project.ReferenceProject Insight. (2014). 5 radical Phases of Project Management. Re trieved from http//www.projectinsight.net/project-management-basicss

A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson Essay

On June 20, 1675, Metacomet, also known as Philip by the early Ameri substructure colonist, led a series of attacks on colonial settlements that lasted for more than a year. These attacks became known as King Philips War. It was a desperate attempt by the Natives to retain their land as their gloss and resources dwindled in advance them. bloody shame Rowlandson, a famous victim of these Indian attacks, recounts her eleven-week internment in her create book, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. The book describes her experience as a captive of the Wampanoags in enceinte detail, and combines high adventure, heroism, and exemplary piety, which made it a popular piece in the seventeenth century. Throughout the narrative Mary Rowlandson portrays her skills as a source with the delineation of her character.In her captivity, Mary Rowland realizes that sprightliness is short and nothing is certain. The third estate theme of precariousness teaches Row landson that she can bourgeon nothing for grated. In a star day the seeming stability of life disappears without warning as represent in the opening scene when the town of Lancaster is burned garbage down and she is separated from her two elder children. Rowlandson transitions from a wife of a soused minister with iii children to a captive prisoner with a single wounded daughter in one day. Another instance of uncertainty is amid The Twelfth Remove, where she is approved by her master to be change to her husband, save the future(a) day in The Thirteenth Remove she writes, kind of of going toward the Bay, which was that I desired, I must go with them five or six miles down the river into the mighty thicket of brush where we abode virtually a fortnight (271).In addition to the uncertainty nothing in her captivity was consistent either. One day the Indians treat her keepfully, while the next day they give her no food. This incompatibility can be seen amidst The Eighth Re move and The ninth Remove. In The Eighth Remove, Rowlandson is asked to make non-homogeneous garments in return for a shilling and different typesfoods however, in The Ninth Remove, Rowland was asked to make a shirt, but receives nothing in return (267-268). The inconsistency stems from the uncertain future, which plants fear in Rowlandsons character. The only light she can see in her dark captivity is the light of her God.As a Puritan, Rowlandson believes that Gods will shapes the events in her life, and that each event serves a purpose. The common Puritan belief that humans have no choice, but to accept Gods will and make sense of it is portrayed throughout her narrative. This belief in God produces values of fortitude and endeavor Rowlandson uses to survive the eleven-week captivity. This is can be seen in The Second Remove as she is about to collapse from fatigue and injury, but the Lord renewed my cleverness still, and carried me along, that I might see more of his power (2 60).Rowlandson often creates parallels amongst her own situation and biblical verses about the Israelites because the Puritans thought they were the descendants of the Israelites in the new initiation. This is portrayed in the closing scene when Rowlandson is reunited with her family and she quotes Moses speaking to the Israelites, radix still and see the salvation of the Lord (288). Moses said this to the Israelites at their arriver to the promise land after forty days of wandering in the desert. Rowlandson comp atomic number 18s her captivity to the forty days in the desert, and her reunion with her family to the arrival at the promise land.In Rowlandsons captivity, her perspective of the Native Indians evolves from savagery to aspects of niceness. The more time she spent with the Natives the more relations she made with them that culminate into respect and appreciation for their culture. Initially Rowlandson considered the Natives barbarous creatures who made the place a ex peditious resemblance of hell after the burning of Lancaster (259). As a end point she speculates the Natives as violent savages. She was also disgusted with the various foods they ate much(prenominal) as ground nuts, tree bark, and horse liver nevertheless, after three weeks of starvation she acquired a sagaciousness for the irregular foods.This is depicted in The ordinal Remove, but the third week I could starve and die before I could eat much(prenominal) things, yet they were sweet and savory to my taste (265). This expresses a minor change of heart Rowlandsonhas for the Natives as she finds herself eating the homogeneous foods and enjoying them. In addition to the acquired taste of the Native foods, more similarities become apparent(a) such as praying Indians who claim to have converted to Christianity and some instances where the Natives are wearing colonists clothing (279). The once distinct difference in civility and savagery becomes blurred in the similarities Rowland notices between the colonist and the Natives.Rowlandson explores the fearful swinging most colonists feel in the face of the new human beings. The new world is the unknown environments outside the colonies, mainly toward the west. This includes the forest and wooded areas that are associated with the Natives. It is where the Natives live, where they take their captives, and a place of unknown to the colonist, which made it fearful. Rowlandson described it as a place of deep dungeon and high and steep hill (266). In Rowlandsons captivity, she is pushed into the forest where her experience brings her further away from civilization. Her and other captives, such as Robert Pepper, gain practical knowledge about the natural world during their time spent with the Indians. Although this knowledge is key to her survival, it brings her anxiety and guilt because she feels as though she is being pushed from civilization.The delineated characterization of Mary Rowlandson in her published book , A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, depicts the way Puritans approached life with religious concepts and beliefs, but the influence of the Native culture is what separates her work as the first captivity narrative. In her captivity she loses her original physiological hostage through eleven weeks of uncertainty and inconsistency. This forces her to think outside her Puritan political theory into the new world of different environments and experiences. Her new experiences allow her to grow and evaluate the differences of the new world, and in her reflection Rowlandson closes the gap between the Natives and Puritans by identifying the similarities between the two cultures.

Crowdsourcing: Human-based Computation and Amazon Mechanical Turk

In a companion blog post to his June 2006 Wired magazine article, Jeff Howe posited the maiden commentary of assemblysourcingSimply defined, promotesourcing represents the act of a company or institution good-natured a function once per framinged by employees and outsourcing it to an undefined (and generally king-size) communicate of tidy sum in the mannequin of an diffuse look to. This lav take the form of peer- overlapion (when the job is performed col laboratively), but is in any case oftentimes undertaken by sole several(prenominal)s. The critical prerequisite is the use of the diffuse call format and the large internet of dominance laborers.D arn C. Brabham was the first to define laborsourcing in the scientific literature in a February 1, 2008, articleCrowdsourcing is an online, distributed paradox- figure out and production model.In the classic use of the term, bothers be broadcast to an unknow group of clobberrs in the form of an open call for firm nesss. Usersalso kn decl argon as the crowdsubmit solutions which ar because owned by the entity that broadcasted the problemthe crowd blood liner. In rough cases, the contributor of the solution is compensated monetarily, with prizes, or with recognition. In other cases, the only pay backs freshthorn be kudos or intellectual satisfaction. Crowdsourcing may start out solutions from amateurs or volunteers flows in their sp atomic number 18 time, or from proficients or small businesses which were unknown to the initiating organization.Crowdsourcers are primarily prodd by its benefits. One of these accommodates the ability to gathering large numbers of solutions and cultivation at a relatively inexpensive cost. Users are motivated to contribute to crowdsourced businesss by both intrinsic motivations, much(prenominal) as genial contact,intellectual stimulation, and passing time, and by extrinsic motivations, such as financial gain.Due to the blurred limits of crowds ourcing, many a(prenominal) collaborative activities are considered crowdsourcing even when they are not. nearly other(prenominal) consequence of this situation is the proliferation of definitions in the scientific literature. Different authors crumble contrastive definitions of crowdsourcing according to their specialties, losing in this bearing the global picture of the term.After learn more than 40 definitions of crowdsourcing in the scientific and popular literature, Enrique Estells-Arolas and Fernando Gonzlez Ladrn-de-Guevara developed a newfangled integrating definitionCrowdsourcing is a type of get downicipative online activity in which an individual, an institution, a non-profit organization, or company proposes to a group of individuals of varying knowledge, heterogeneity, and number, via a flexible open call, the voluntary undertaking of a line of work. The undertaking of the assign, of varying complexity and modularity, and in which the crowd should particip ate bringing their work, money, knowledge and/or experience, al shipway entails mutual benefit. The user depart perplex the satisfaction of a given type of inquire, be it economic, social recognition, self-esteem, or the development of individual skills, while the crowdsourcer will obtain and utilize to their ad cutting edgetage that what the user has brought to the venture, whose form will reckon on the type of activity undertaken.Henk van Ess emphasizes the need to give back the crowdsourced results to the domain on ethical grounds. His non-scientific, non- commercial message definition is wide cited in the popular pressCrowdsourcing is channeling the experts desire to solve a problem and then freely sharing the response with e realoneCrowdsourcing systems are employ to effect a variety of tasks. For theoretical account, the crowd may be invited to develop a new technology, track down out a design task (also known as connection- found design or distributed participatory design), refine or carry out the steps of an algorithm (see human- base computation), or help capture, systematize, or analyze large sum of moneys of data (see also citizen science).HistoryThe term crowdsourcing is a portmanteau of crowd and outsourcing, coined by Jeff Howe in a June 2006 Wired magazine article The facelift of Crowdsourcing. It has been argued that crowdsourcing send away only exist on the Internet and is thus a relatively recent phenomenon., however, long before modern crowdsourcing systems were developed, there were a number of not equal to(p) examples of undertakings that utilized distributed tribe to help accomplish tasks.Historical examples The Oxford position DictionaryThe Oxford English Dictionary (OED) may volunteer one of the earliest examples of crowdsourcing. An open call was made to the partnership for contributions by volunteers to index all linguistic process in the English language and example quotations of their usages for each one. They rec eived all over 6 million submissions over a period of 70 years. The fashioning of the OED is detailed in The Surgeon of Crow Thorne by Simon Winchester.Crowdsourcing in family tree look forGenealogical query was using crowdsourcing techniques long before computers were common. Beginning in 1942 members of The church service of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (also known as the Mormon church) advance members to submit schooling about their ancestors. The submitted information was gathered together into a single collection. In 1969 in graze to encourage more bulk to participate in gathering genealogical information about their ancestors, the church started the three-generation weapons platform. In this program church members were asked to prepare documented family group unload forms for the first three generations. The program was by and by expanded to encourage members to research at least 4 generations, and became known as the four-generation program.Institutes that rush records of sake to genealogical research halt employ crowds of volunteers to create catalogs and indexes to records.Early crowdsourcing competitionsCrowdsourcing has often been used in the past as a competition in articulate to discover a solution. The French government proposed several of these competitions, often rewarded with Montyon Prizes, created for scurvy Frenchmen who had done virtuous acts. These embroild the Leblanc process, or the Alkali Prize, where a reward was provided for separating the salt from the alkali, and the Fourneyrons Turbine, when the first hydraulic commercial turbine was developed.In response to a take exception from the French government, Nicholas Appert won a prize for inventing a new way of food preservation that involved sealing food in airtight jars. The British government provided a convertible reward to find an delicate way to determine a ships longitude in the The Longitude Prize. During the grand Depression, out-of-work clerks ta bulated higher mathematical functions in the Mathematical Tables Project as an out drop dead project.Modern methodsToday, crowdsourcing has transferred in general to the Internet. The Internet provides a particularly good venue for crowdsourcing since individuals tend to be more open in web-based projects where they are not being physically judged or scrutinized and thus arse observe more comfortable sharing. This at last allows for well-designed artistic projects because individuals are slight conscious, or maybe even little(a) aware, of scrutiny towards their work. In an online atmosphere more attention is given to the project alternatively than communication with other individuals.Crowdsourcing can either take an explicit or an implicit route. Explicit crowdsourcing lets users work together to evaluate, share, and build different specific tasks, while implicit crowdsourcing performer that users solve a problem as a side effect of something else they are doing.With expl icit crowdsourcing, users can evaluate particular items like books or webpages, or share by posting products or items. Users can also build artifacts by providing information and editing other peoples work. unexpressed crowdsourcing can take two forms standalone and piggyback. Standalone allows people to solve problems as a side effect of the task they are actually doing, whereas piggyback takes users information from a third-party website to gather information.Types of crowdsourcingIn coining the term of crowdsourcing, Jeff Howe has also indicated some common categories of crowdsourcing that can be used potently in the commercial world. some of these web-based crowdsourcing efforts include crowd select, wisdom of the crowd, crowdfunding, microwork, inventive crowdsourcing and inducement prize skirmishs. Although these may not be an exhaustive list, they cover the current major ways in which people use crowds to perform tasks.According to definition by Henk van Ess that has bee n widely cited in the popular press,The crowdsourced problem can be great (epic tasks like finding alien life or mapping earthquake zones) or very small (where can I skate safely?). Some examples of successful crowdsourcing themes are problems that bug people, things that steel people feel good about themselves, projects that tap into niche knowledge of proud experts, subjects that people find sympathetic or any form of injustice.Crowd votingCrowd voting occurs when a website gathers a large groups opinions and judgment on a true topic. The Iowa Electronic Market is a prediction market that gathers crowds views on political relation and tries to ensure accuracy by having participants pay money to misdirect and transfer contracts based on political out hangs.Threadless.com selects the t-shirts it sells by having users provide designs and vote on the ones they like, which are then printed and available for purchase. Despite the small nature of the company, thousands of members provide designs and vote on them, making the websites products truly created and selected by the crowd, rather than the company. Some of the most famous examples get under ones skin made use of social media channels Dominos Pizza, Coca Cola, Heineken and Sam Adams have thus crowdsourced a new pizza, song, bottle design or beer, respectively.Crowdsourcing imaginative workCreative crowdsourcing spans sourcing creative projects such as graphic design, architecture, apparel design, writing, illustration. etc. Some of the better known creative domains that use the Crowdsourcing model include 99designs, DesignCrowd, crowdspring, Jade Magnet, Threadless, Poptent, GeniusRocket and TongalCrowdfundingCrowdfunding is the process of funding your projects by a multitude of people add a small bar in order to attain a certain monetary goal. Goals may be for donations or for equity in a project. The dilemma right(a) now for equity crowdfunding in the USA is how the irregular is going to puzz le the entire process. As it stands rules and regulations are being refined by the SEC and they will have until Jan. 1st, 2013 to tweak the fundraising methods. The regulators are on edge because they are already overwhelmed trying to regulate Dodd Frank and all the other rules and regulations involving popular companies and the way they trade. Advocates of regulation claim that crowdfunding will open up the outflow gates for fraud, have called it the wild west of fundraising, and have compared it to the 1980s geezerhood of penny stock cold-call cowboys.The process allows for up to 1 million dollars to be raised without a lot of the regulations being involved. Companies under the current proposition will have a lot of exemptions available and be able to raise capital from a larger pool of persons which can include a lot lower thresholds for investor criteria whereas the old rules postulate that the person be an accredited investor. These people are often recruited from social networks, where the funds can be acquired from anequity purchase, loan, donation, or pre-ordering. The steps collected have become preferably high, with requests that are over a million dollars for software like Trampoline Systems, which used it to finance the commercialization of their new software.A well-known crowdfunding likewisel is Kickstarter, which is the biggest website for funding creative projects. It has raised over $100 million, despite its all-or-nothing model which requires one to reach the proposed monetary goal in order to acquire the money. UInvest is another example of a crowdfunding political platform that was started in Kiev, Ukraine in 2007. Crowdrise brings together volunteers to fundraise in an online environment. roughly recently, the adult industry gained its own site in the way of Offbeatr. Offbeatr allows the community to cast votes on projects they would like to see make it to the funding phase. firmness of the crowdWisdom of the crowd is another ty pe of crowdsourcing that collects large amounts of information and aggregates them to gain a get by and accu measure picture of a topic, based on the fancy that a group of people is on middling more intelligent than an individual. This idea of collective intelligence proves particularly effective on the web because people from diverse backgrounds can contribute in real-time indoors the same forums.iStockPhoto provides a platform for people to upload photos and purchase them for low prices. Clients can purchase photos through credits, giving photographers a small profit. Again, the photo collection is determined by the crowds voice for very low prices.In February 2012, a stock picking game called Ticker selector switch Pro was launched, using crowdsourcing to create a hedge fund that would buy and sell stocks based on the ideas coming out of the game. These crowdsourced ideas, coming from so many people, could help one pick the best stocks based on this idea that collective idea s are better than individual ones.MicroworkMicrowork is a crowdsourcing platform where users do small tasks for which computers lack aptitude for low amounts of money. Amazons popular mechanised Turk has created many different projects for users to participate in, where each task requires very little time and offers a very small amount in payment. The Chinese versions of this, commonly called Witkey, are similar and include such sites as Taskcn.com and k68.cn. When choosing tasks, since only certain users win, users learn to submit later and pick less popular tasks in order to increase the likelihood of getting their work chosen. An example of a mechanic Turk project is when users searched broadcast images for images of a boat in order to find lost tec Jim Gray. Inducement prize contestsWeb-based idea competitions, or inducement prize contests often consist of generic ideas, cash prizes, and an Internet-based platform to facilitate easy idea generation and discussion. An example of these competitions includes an event like IBMs 2006 Innovation golf hole, attended by over 140,000 international participants and yielding nearly 46,000 ideas. some other example is Netflix Prize in 2009. The idea was to ask crowd to come up with a recommendation algorithm which was more accu wander than Netflixs own algorithm. It had a grand prize of US$1,000,000 and it was given to the BellKors Pragmatic booby hatch police squad which bested Netflixs own algorithm for predicting ratings by 10.06%another(prenominal) example of competition-based crowdsourcing is the 2009 DARPA experiment, where DARPA rigid 10 balloon markers across the United States and challenged teams to compete to be the first to report the location of all the balloons. A collaboration of efforts was required to cut the challenge speedily and in addition to the competitive motivation of the contest as a whole, the winning team (MIT, in less than cardinal hours) established its own collaborapetitive en vironment to generate participation in their team. A similar challenge was the Tag Challenge, funded by the US State Department, which required locating and photographing individuals in 5 cities in the US and Europe within 12 hours based only on a single photograph. The winning team managed to locate 3 suspects by mobilizing volunteers world-wide using a similar incentive scheme to the oneused in the Balloon Challenge.Open intent platforms are a very effective way of crowdsourcing peoples thoughts and ideas to do research and development. The company InnoCentive is a crowdsourcing platform for corporate research and development where embarrassing scientific problems are posted for crowds of solvers to discover the answer and win a cash prize, which can range from $10,000 to $100,000 per challenge. InnoCentive, of Waltham, MA and London, England is the drawing card in providing access to millions of scientific and technical experts from around the world. The company has provided ex pert crowdsourcing to international Fortune 1000 companies in the US and Europe as well as government agencies and nonprofits.The company claims a success rate of 50% in providing successful solutions to previously unsolved scientific and technical problems. IdeaConnection.com challenges people to come up with new inventions and innovations and Ninesigma.com connects clients with experts in various fields. The X PRIZE Foundation creates and runs incentive competitions where one can win amid $1 million and $30 million for solving challenges. Local Motors is another example of crowdsourcing. A community of 20,000 automotive engineers, designers and enthusiasts competes to build offroad rally trucks. Implicit crowdsourcingImplicit crowdsourcing is less obvious because users do not necessarily know they are contributing, yet can still be very effective in completing certain tasks. Rather than users actively participating in solving a problem or providing information, implicit crowdsour cing involves users doing another task alone where a third party gains information for another topic based on the users actions.A good example of implicit crowdsourcing is the second sight game, where users guess what images are and then these labels are used to tag Google images. Another popular use of implicit crowdsourcing is through reCAPTCHA, which asks people to solve Captchas in order to prove they are human, and then provides Captchas from old books that cannot be decode by computers in order to try and digitize them for the web. Like Mechanical Turk, this task is simple for humans but would be incredibly difficult for computers.Piggyback crowdsourcing can be seen most frequently by websites such as Google that mine ones search history and websites in order to discover keywords for ads, spelling corrections, and finding synonyms. In this way, users are unintentionally destiny to modify existing systems, such as Googles ad words.CrowdsourcersThere are a number of motivation s for businesses to use crowdsourcing to accomplish tasks, find solutions for problems, or to gather information. These include the ability to offload peak demand, access cheap labor and information, generate better results, access a wider array of talent than efficacy be present in one organization, and undertake problems that would have been too difficult to solve internally. Crowdsourcing allows businesses to submit problems on which contributors can work, such as problems in science, manufacturing, biotech, and medicine, with monetary rewards for successful solutions. Although it can be difficult to crowdsource heterogeneous tasks, simple work tasks can be crowdsourced cheaply and effectively.Crowdsourcing also has the potential to be a problem-solving mechanism for government and nonprofit use. Urban and travel planning are prime areas for crowdsourcing. One project to test crowdsourcings public participation process for transit planning in Salt Lake metropolis has been unde rway from 2008 to 2009, funded by a U.S. Federal Transit Administration grant. Another notable application of crowdsourcing to government problem solving is the Peer to unmistakable Community Patent Review project for the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.Researchers have used crowdsourcing systems, in particular Mechanical Turk, to aid with research projects by crowdsourcing aspects of the research process such as data collection, parsing, and evaluation. Notable examples include using the crowd to create speech and language databases,and using the crowd to conduct user studies. Crowdsourcing systems provide these researchers with the ability to gather large amount of data. Additionally, using crowdsourcing, researchers can collect data from populations anddemographics they may not have had access to locally, but that improve the validity and value of their work.Artists have also utilized crowdsourcing systems. In his project the Sheep Market, Aaron Koblin used Mechanical Turk to c ollect 10,000 drawings of sheep from contributors around the world. Sam Brown (artist) leverages the crowd by asking visitors of his website explodingdog to send him sentences that he uses as inspirations for paintings. Art curator Andrea Grover argues that individuals tend to be more open in crowdsourced projects because they are not being physically judged or scrutinized. As with other crowdsourcers, artists use crowdsourcing systems to generate and collect data. The crowd also can be used to provide inspiration and to collect financial jump for an artists work.Additionally, crowdsourcing from 100 million drivers is being used by INRIX to collect users driving times to provide better GPS routing and real-time handicraft updates.DemographicsThe crowd is an umbrella term for people who contribute to crowdsourcing efforts. Though it is sometimes difficult to gather data about the demographics of the crowd, a study by Ross et al. surveyed the demographics of a sample of the more tha n 400,000 registered crowdworkers using Amazon Mechanical Turk to complete tasks for pay.While a previous study in 2008 by Ipeirotis found that users at that time were primarily American, young, female, and well-educated, with 40% having incomes $40,000/yr, in 2009 Ross found a very different population. By Nov. 2009, 36% of the surveyed Mechanical Turk workforce was Indian. Of Indian workers were male, and 66% had at least a Bachelors degree. ? had annual incomes less than $10,000/yr, with 27% sometimes or always depending on income from Mechanical Turk to make ends meet.The amount US user of Mechanical Turk earned $2.30 per hour for tasks in 2009, versus $1.58 for the total Indian worker. While the majority of users worked less than 5 hours per week, 18% worked 15 hours per week or more. This is less than minimum betroth in either country, which Ross raises raises ethical questions for researchers who use crowdsourcing.The demographics of http//microworkers.com/ differ from Me chanical Turk in that the US and India together account for only 25% of workers. 197 countries are represented among users, with Indonesia (18%) and Bangladesh (17%) contributing the largest share. However, 28% of employers are from the US.Another study of the demographics of the crowd at iStockphoto found a crowd that was largely white, middle- to upper-class, higher educated, worked in a so-called white collar job, and had a high-speed Internet connection at home.Studies have also found that crowds are not simply collections of amateurs or hobbyists. Rather, crowds are often professionally trained in a discipline pertinent to a given crowdsourcing task and sometimes hold advanced degrees and many years of experience in the profession.Claiming that crowds are amateurs, rather than professionals, is both factually untrue and may lead to marginalization of crowd labor rights.MotivationsMany scholars of crowdsourcing suggest that there are both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations tha t cause people to contribute to crowdsourced tasks, and that these factors influence different types of contributors.For example, students and people employed full-time rate Human Capital Advancement as less distinguished than underemployed workers do, while women rate Social Contact as more important than men do.Intrinsic motivations are broken down into two categories, enjoyment-based and community-based motivations. Enjoyment-based motivations refer to motivations relate to the fun and enjoyment that the contributor experiences through their participation. These motivations include skill variety, task identity, task autonomy, direct feedback from the job, and pastime. Community-based motivations refer to motivations related to community participation, and include community identification and social contact.Extrinsic motivations are broken down into three categories, straightaway payoffs, delayed payoffs, and social motivations. Immediate payoffs, through monetary payment, are the in a flash received compensations given to those who complete tasks. Delayed payoffs are benefits that can be used to generate future advantages, such as training skills and being noticed by potential employers. Social motivations are the rewards of behaving pro-socially, such as altruistic motivations. Chandler and Kapelner found that US users of the Amazon Mechanical Turk were more believably to complete a task when told they were going to help researchers identify tumour cells, than when they were not told the purpose of their task. However, of those who completed the task, prime(prenominal) of output did not depend on the framing of the task.Another form of social motivation is prestige or status. The International Childrens Digital Library recruits volunteers to translate and review books. Because all translators receive public acknowledgment for their contribution, Kaufman and Schulz cite this as a reputation-based strategy to motivate individuals who want to be associ ated with institutions that have prestige. The Amazon Mechanical Turk uses reputation as a motivator in a different sense, as a form of gauge control. Crowdworkers who frequently complete tasks in ways judged to be inadequate can be denied access to future tasks, providing motivation to discover high-quality work. CriticismsThere are two major categories of criticisms about crowdsourcing, (1) the value and impact of the work received from the crowd and (2) the ethical implications of low wages give to crowdworkers. Most of these criticisms are directed towards crowdsourcing systems that provide extrinsic monetary rewards to contributors, though some apply more generally to all crowdsourcing systems. Impact of crowdsourcing on product qualitySusceptibility to faulty results caused by targeted, malicious work efforts. Since crowdworkers completing microtasks are nonrecreational per task, there is often a financial incentive to complete tasks apace rather than well. Verifying resp onses is time consuming, and so requesters often depend on havingmultiple workers complete the same task to correct errors. However, having each task completed multiple times increases time and monetary costs.Crowdworkers are a nonrandom sample of the population. Many researchers use crowdsourcing in order to quickly and cheaply conduct studies with larger sample sizes than would be otherwise achievable. However, payable to low worker pay, participant pools are skewed towards poor users in developing countries.Increased likelihood that a crowdsourced project will fail due(p) to lack of monetary motivation or too few participants. Crowdsourcing markets are not a first-in-first-out queue. Tasks that are not completed quickly may be forgotten, buried by filters and search procedures so that workers do not see them. This results in a long tail power lawfulness distribution of completion times. Additionally, low-paying research studies online have higher rates of attrition, with parti cipants not completing the study once started. Even when tasks are completed, crowdsourcing doesnt always produce quality results. When Facebook began its localization program in 2008, it encountered criticism for the low quality of its crowdsourced translations.One of the problems of crowdsourcing products is the lack of interaction between the crowd and the client. Usually there is little information about the final desired product and there is often very limited interaction with the final client. This can decrease the quality of product as client interaction is a vital part of the design process.It is usually expected from a crowdsourced project to be guileless by incorporating a large population of participants with a diverse background. However, most of the crowdsourcing works are done by people who are paid or directly benefit from the issuance (e.g. most of open source projects working on Linux). In many other cases, the resulted product is the outcome of a single persons e ndeavour who creates the majority of the product while the crowd only participates in minor details.Concerns for crowdsourcersEthical concerns. Because crowdworkers are considered independent contractorsrather than employees, they are not guaranteed a minimum wage. In practice, workers using the Amazon Mechanical Turk generally earn less than the minimum wage, even in India. Some researchers considering using Mechanical Turk to get participants for studies have argued that this may be unethical.Below-market wages. The average US user of Mechanical Turk earned $2.30 per hour for tasks in 2009, versus $1.58 for the average Indian worker. While the majority of users worked less than 5 hours per week, 18% worked 15 hours per week or more, and 27% of Indian users said income from Mechanical Turk is sometimes or always necessary for them to make ends meet. This is less than minimum wage in either country, which Ross et al. suggest raises ethical questions for researchers who use crowdsour cing. When Facebook began its localization program in 2008, it received criticism for using crowdsourcing to obtain free labor.Typically, no written contracts, non-disclosure agreements, or employee agreements are made with crowdsourced employees. For users of the Amazon Mechanical Turk, this means that requestors have final say over whether users work is acceptable if not, they will not be paid. Critics claim that crowdsourcing arrangements exploit individuals in the crowd, and there has been a call for crowds to organize for their labor rights.Difficulties in collaboration of crowd members, in particular in the context of competitive crowd sourcing. Crowdsourcing site InnoCentive allows organizations to solicit solutions to scientific and technological problems only 10.6% of respondents report working in a team on their submission.