Investigating the role of regionalism towards globalisation

Investigating the social occasion of constituentalism towards globalizationIs regionalism best interpreted as contradictory to the logic of globalisation, or as an integral part of globalisation?Since 1990, end of the Cold War, the domain is an ideological cease-fire, besides it is still in search of paradigms to shape the upstart planetary order. We all tend to cypher in industrialized countries as well as in low countries that further consolidations of economies through change magnitude interconnection and integration of grocery stores would be ideal. Indeed, globalization is a phenomenon that calls to break boundaries and interdependence among deals. Regarding the regional integration, it refers to a process of pull together together several distinct elements, in principle, but generally accommodate customary aspects with a bewitch to strengthening their individual strengths. The question is every regionalism poses a serious challenge to Globalisation or would Reg ionalism builds on Globalisation. The latter(prenominal) is a process that likewise announces the integration of the world in a new era of thought and actions, and as such, regional integration both(prenominal)(prenominal) in its objectives and forms, participates in this process. Thus regionalism is a decisive step to allow in the globalization. We crowd out distinguish two types of regionalism one tries to resolve each issue amicably, to show consideration for individual needs, they agree on some basic rules to make life easier in overall, but they argon also attached to their privacy. In terms of economical cooperation, this type of regionalism is essentially the remotion of barriers. From that view, members remain free to pursue their own path of development, cooperating only on issues where they ploughshargon the same perspective. The other is united by the desire of its members to sh be their lives, based on common values and views. States share the same governmental will to build a community and pooling their sovereignty. This type of regionalism tends to lead to the integration of different policies including the establishment of a common market, harmonizing standards and regulations.The first public debate is that regional integration covers a wide range of economic and political agreements in the midst of nations. These agreements may be formal or informal, bilateral or multilateral, but with specific objectives and phases which are intended to prepare the States to globalization. Specific goals of integration are precisely to experience access to a wider market, also improve external competitiveness through more than than efficient use of resources and the removal of morphological barriers, conjure political cooperation to reduce tensions, increase the bargaining power of the conclave and thus its members. Face to the competition required by globalization, particularly in dealing with inequalities in development between the countr ies of the world, integration is a line of life for growing countries which rout out non go to globalisation at risk to suffer from bruising consequences. As such, integration does not offer the same earns as it applies to a developing countries or an industrialized country. Which brings us to recognize that integration is an supernumerary asset to globalisation. This one is presented as a jungle, where the most powerful economic entities hold sway. Regional integration as a grouping of countries that are geographically close is a way for them to prepare for globalization.The second argument is that regional integration is a element of industrialization and outside(a) dish out development. Measures to foster regional integration have an impact on the economies of the region and intra-regional trade. These are mainly the reduction of the tariffs, the effect of expanding demand and the effect of common external tariff. The reduction of tariff barriers leads to greater develop ment of community trade. Regional integration, when it well manages allows to corporate of the community to be more organized in order to compete internationally in their own regions and in the international environment. A study has demonstrated that MERCOSUR has served as a training base for insertion in the global market economies in this group,especially those that are more powerful as Brazil and Argentina. The European Union and NAFTA, under their respective(prenominal) constitutive documents, are implemented free trade zones. The enlargement of the European Union expands eastwards to the European market of seventy five meg consumers. European companies thus have a huge market and tolerate use the European space to go to the conquest of the international market. Countries inwardly a region can use regional integration to invoke their presence in international markets and benefit from their comparative advantages in the world trade.The third argument is that borders are no l onger a course of instruction and opposition between the states. They become factors of cooperation. The best example is found in the European Union with the Schengen zone which has institutionalized the free movement of persons within the area. Regional integration has the same objectives as the globalisation the abolition of borders. term a feature of globalisation is the free movement of financial flows, regional integration through the creation of large areas of free trade more easily attracts investment and encourages capital accumulation. For example, following its accession to the European Union, foreign direct investment have been in some economic sectors of the UK to benefit from huge market offered by the community. The European Union, with its economies increasingly integrated and market power play a significant role in international negotiations held in the context of globalisation. It can better defend its interests within the WTO. by means of regional integration, Africa can speak in a loud constituent on the international scene and better defend its interests . However globalisation which refers originally to an integration of different political units that build up the world, in conclusion directly produces its opposite the fragmentation of the world. It seems that the fragmentation causes the consequence whereby the primary role is to resist to the globalisation. Some apply the quota system to limit quantity of goods to put on their area, others prefer to allocate subventions to local and subregional businesses. Thus integration in this mind means inequality which is paradoxical to globalisation. Therefore we should remember that this simplistic view that tends to make integration an asset for insertion into globalisation must be taken with caution. The integration that has been illustrated is sometimes a factor of disintegration, but beyond that, we must admit that gathering within a region can achieve a real integration into globalis ation.If regionalism is a real factor to globalisation then we can wonder what should be done to ensure that imbalance is observed in developing countries especially in Africa can be restored ? African should accept to join themselves to face to the international competition, as if the economy is bad it will also apply to its policy. It must be admitted that a lot of things remain to be done for the integration. It is the search for greater economic security that motivates developing countries to look into developed countries and to seek new forms of partnership with them, others advocate more of a neighborhood regionalism between developing countries, less disruptive and closer to their needs. But the general idea is that North-South agreements deliver the goods a lot more advantages than disadvantages. For developed countries they are eager to promote such partnerships, particularly to stimulate development and reduce the problems of insecurity. Finally it allows people to better enjoy the benefits of globalisation and to spread in the common interest. as well as regionalism allows flexible agreements, indeed increasing economic interdependence in regions does not systematically mean formal agreements. The establishment of the EU, NAFTA or MERCOSUR has involved increased intra-area trade, but it was not the case for ASEAN. The intra-regional trade are much denser at the entire Asian Eastern region (ASEAN but also China, japan and Korea) although there are no formal structures of integration. East Asia perfectly illustrates the coexistence of regional global dynamics. In this part of the world, deepening regional interdependence is part due to an opening outside and a search for competitiveness in global markets. Conversely, areas that least involved actively in globalisation are also those that are poorly integrated regionally. This is particularly the case of economies in the Middle East.Finally globalisation has a number of risks, especially relate to t he financial sphere and acceleration of capital movements. In these circumstances, regional integration can be a way to be protected from disruptions caused by globalisation. The debate on globalisation and regionalism has long been focused only on trade policy issues. To conclude, regionalism is both a component of globalisation and a response to this process.

Chromatography Lab Report

Chromatography Lab ReportGC-1 ( accelerator Chromatography) es severalise 1, 2, 3 4 experimentation 1- aim of fermentation alcohol nub of a gargle victimisation an versed precedentExperiment 2- Determination of oxygenates in gasolineExperiment 3- qualitative and denary depth psychology of BTEX (Benzene, methylbenzene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene)Experiment 4 Determination of volatile compounds by headspace analytic thinking indigotin KumarIntroduction TheoryThe experiments performed in this lab were based on Gas chromatography specifically gas-liquid chromatography. This technique involves a sampling being vapourised and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column. The seek is transported through the column by the flow of neutral, gaseous busy phase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid.GC Schematic diagram (http//teaching.shu.ac.uk/hwb/chemistry/tutorials/chrom/gcdiag.gif )In Experiment 1 the f ermentation alcohol content in a mouthwash was determined. This was done by utilise an infixed example of butanol. and so, ascendants of internal stallingard with outlander solution and fermentation alcohol were do and injected into the GC. The playing fields obtained for each compound were hence use to bet the % alcohol in the assay.In Experiment 2 ethanol content in gasoline inter mixture was cypher utilize a regular trim down of ethanol made with unmixed ethanol. The gasoline mixture was extracted with weewee to extract the ethanol in it for further abbreviation by GC. The GC method is used industrially to find ethanol content in gasolines, plus oxygenates like butyl vinyl ether that fag end contaminate drinking water..In Experiment 3 qualitative analysis of BTEX (Benzene, methylbenzene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene) was performed by injecting pure solutions of these compounds in GC. The belongings times obtained were put down for each. In the second part, m onetary standard solutions of methylbenzene and xylol were made and standardisation curves were made for each. Next, the unknown sample of BTEX was injected to GC. The retentivity areas obtained were recorded and substituted in compares of standard curves to find the actual content of methylbenzene and xylol in sample.In Experiment 4 the technique of headspace analysis was used to determine the volatile compounds in a contaminated blemish sample. The soil sample was also deliberately contaminated with methylbenzene and xylol and placed in a vial for 10 minutes. Then using a syringe, the headspace was sucked and injected to GC for performing a qualitative analysis (the belongings times of BTEX from Experiment 3 were used).GC is continuing to be used in a number of fields as an analytical brute due to certain advantages likeShorter run timesGreater sample throughputCheaper columns mellower signal to noise ratioLower bleed (thinner films)High resolution power compared to others. Complex mixture can be fixed into its components by this GC method. The separation, purpose and identification of many compounds withnegligibledifferences in boilingpoints is thinkable by this technique.Sensitivity in detection is very high with caloric conductivity detectors. One can detect upto tip centigrade ppm, while firing detectors, electron capture and phosphorus detectors can detect ppm, parts per one thousand thousand or picograms respectively.(http//www.sge.com/support/training/fast-gc-analysis/advantages-/-disadvantages-of-fast-gc)Some industrial applications of GC involveIdentification and quantification of ubiquitous pollutants in the environment analysis of various classes of unconquerable organic contaminants in air, water, soils, sediments and biotaGC Analysis of AntioxidantsDetermination of ethanol in gasolineAnalysis and quality assessment of alcoholic beverages Quantitative and qualitative assessment ofAlcohols in bloodAromatics (benzene, toluen e, ethylbenzene, xylene)Flavors and FragrancesPermanent gases (H2, N2, O2, Ar, CO2, CO, CH4)HydrocarbonsPesticides, Herbicides, PCBs, and DioxinsSolvents(http//www.med.cmu.ac.th/dept/vascular/alcho/ query/res_out/Application%20of%20gas%20chromatography.pdf)As we can see, the varied applications of GC in industry and its advantages over other methods, performing of these GC experiments is industrially justified.Experiment 1- Determination of ethanol content of a mouthwash using an internal standardProcedureThe instrument was set to the following parametersInjector temperature cc course CDetector temperature 250 pointedness COven temperature 80 horizontal surface Cattenuation between 4 and 16 carrier gas stuff 8-10 psiFID range 1Valve Split 1 on weaken the unknown ethanol sample and mouthwash provided with water in a 110 ratio. 10 ml of each was diluted to 100 ml in volumetric flask.Next, ethanol standard solution and butanol (internal standard) (each2 ml to 100 ml water) were m ade.Equal volumes of ethanol and internal standard were mixed. And equal volumes of sample solution and internal solution were made (each 5 ml).Now, three injections (0.3 uL each) were made of each of these solutions into the GC.From the chromatographs, the % of alcohol in sample were calculated.Observations, Calculations and Results puppet GC SST pecker settingsInjector temperature 200 degree CDetector temperature 250 degree COven temperature 80 degree CAttenuation between 4 and 16Carrier gas push 8-10 psiFID range 1Valve Split 1 onSolution storage time flyer areaButanol1.4005452.57 neutral spirits0.7003607.3Butanol (I.S.) + Ethanol1.400-Butanol (I.S)0.700-Ethanol2226.71341.9Solution retentivity time gratuity areaInt. Stan + abstruse ethanol sampleInt. Stan- 1.383Unknown ethanol Sample- 0.683 (Ethanol)2878.8874.3Int. Stan + MouthwashInt. Stan- 1.383Mouthwash 0.683 (Ethanol)3373.42079.5Using the formula,RsplRI.S. = CsplRstd CstdRI.S.where, R=response ( spinning top area) spl=samp le, I.S.=internal standardC= ConcentrationFor Unknown ethanol sample,we have, Rspl = 874.3, R I.S= 2878.8, Rstd = 1341.9, R I.S. = 2226.7Cstd = 2 % (From observation circuit card 1 2)Putting these assesss in equation,874.3 / 2878.8 / 1341.9 / 2226.7 X 2 = CsplOn solving we get, Cspl = 1.00 %For mouthwash,we have, Rspl = 2079.5 , R I.S= 3373.4, Rstd = 1341.9, R I.S. = 2226.7Cstd = 2 % (From observation table 1 2)Putting these values in equation,2079.5 /3373.4 / 1341.9 / 2226.7 X 2 = CsplOn solving we get, Cspl = 0.98 %So, % alcohol in Mouthwash is = 0.98 % in Unknown ethanol sample = 1.00 %Experiment 2- Determination of oxygenates in gasolineProcedureDevelop a set of operating conditions that allow satis occurrenceorily separate ethanol from hexane. To do this equal volume of hexane and ethanol in a small vial were combined and injected. Inject this mixture into GC and ensure two decide peaks. Inject pure hexane to score its identity.The oven temperature was decreased from 8 0 degree C to 70 and consequently to 60 degrees C to separate the two peaks. desex ethanol standards 0.2 ml, 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml and 2.0 ml in 25 ml DI water.Concentration, 0.2 ml = 0.2/25 = 0.008 %,0.5 ml = 0.5/25 = 0.02 %1.0 ml = 1.0/25 = 0.04 %2.0 ml = 2.0/25 = 0.08 %These standards were injected into GC and a normalisation curve was prepared using the peak area information obtained.The unknown gasoline sample (Unknown Sample D Ethanol in hexane) was interpreted and 5.0 of it was transferred to a vial. 5.0 ml of water was added and mixed thoroughly in the vial. It was allowed to stand for 5 minutes.The water layer was taken using a Pasteur pipette and injected into GC.The % ethanol was determined using calibration curve data and peak area data from step 5.Observations, Calculations and ResultsInstrument GC SSTInstrument settingsInjector temperature 200 degree CDetector temperature 250 degree COven temperature 60 degree C (Earlier 80 degree C and 70 degree C)Attenuation between 4 and 16Carrier gas pressure 8-10 psiFID range 1Valve Split 1 onSolutionOven temperature (in degree C)Retention timePure Hexane600.500Hexane + Ethanol80Hexane 0.483Ethanol 0.683(Less resolved peaks)Hexane + Ethanol70Hexane 0.483Ethanol 0.750(Better resolved peaks)Hexane + Ethanol60Hexane 0.500Ethanol 0.916(well resolved peaks)SolutionPeak Area precedent 0.008 %,2186.8Standard 0.02 %3509.9Standard 0.04 %5296.3Standard 0.08 %8746.5Sample (1st Injection)Sample (2nd Injection)1982.22138.1Calculating % of ethanol in sampleEquation of line from standard curve y = 89994x + 1605.1where, y = peak area, x = concentration of ethanol in %From Observation table 3 we have,Area of sample = 1982.2 and 2138.1Putting these values in equation in place of y we get,1982.1 = 89994x + 1605.1 2138.1 = 89994x + 1605.1On solving for x we get, x = 0.00418 % and x = 0.00592 %Averaging the two values, we get x = 0.00505 %So, the % of ethanol in the given(p) Unknown Ethanol in Hexane Sample D is 0.00505 %.Expe riment 3- Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene)ProcedurePart A Qualitative AnalysisTake 1 ml each of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene in separate vials. hightail it the individual standards and record the belongings times.Part B Quantitative analysisPrepare a series of standard of toluene and para-xylene using hexane as a solvent.Make 2,4,6,8 and 10 % solutions of each of toluene and para-xylene in 50 ml volumetric flasks.For 2 %= 1 ml each of toluene or para-xylene (separate), for 4 % = 2mlFor 6 % = 3 ml, for 8 % = 4 ml, and for 10 % = 5 ml to 50 ml with hexane.Prepare a calibration curve based on the peaks area data obtained.Analyse an unknown sample of BTEX provided and find the % of toluene and para-xylene in it using the standard curve data.Observations, Calculations and ResultsInstrument GC SSTInstrument settingsInjector temperature 200 degree CDetector temperature 250 degree COven temperature 80 degree CAttenuation between 4 and 16Carrier gas pressure 8-10 psiFID range 1SolutionRetention timeChlorobenzene3.866Ethylbenzene2.016p-xylene1.400o-xylene4.133Toluene1.500From individual injections of hexane, toluene and xylene, it was seen that that the retentiveness times for each of these were 0.500, 0.933 and 1.550 respectively.SolutionPeak AreaToluene 2 %939.8Toluene 4 %1254.0Toluene 6 %1987.6Toluene 8 %2260.2Toluene 10 %3210.0Para-xylene 2 %455.8Para-xylene 4 %985.0Para-xylene 6 %1168.1Para-xylene 8 %1791.5Para-xylene 10 %2222.9Sample Run 1Sample Run 210500 (Rt = 0.733)863 (Rt = 1.600)2966 (Rt = 0.733)181 (Rt = 1.600)From the sample analysis, we find that the two biggest peaks are seen at Rt = 0.733. This value neither corresponds to value of Rt for toluene (around 0.900) nor xylene (around 1.350). So we cannot identify or quantitate them.The other peak (although small) which is seen occurs at Rt = 1.600 is close to Rt for xylene (Rt for 10 % xylene is 1.600). So this peak would be for xylene.W e can find its concentration by making a standard curve for xylene from the data in Observation table 7.Calculating amount of xylene in sample.From the standard curve (Graph 2), we have the equation of liney = 217.04x + 22.45where, y = peak area, x = concentration of ethanol in %From Observation table 7 we have,Area of sample = 863 and 181Putting these values in equation in place of y we get,863 = 217.04x + 22.45 181 = 217.04x + 22.45On solving for x we get, x = 3.87 % and x = 0.73 %Averaging the two values, we get x = 2.30 %Therefore, the sample (Unknown B) contains 2.30 % of xylene and no toluene.Experiment 4 Determination of volatile compounds by headspace analysisProcedure grease was taken in a sealed vial and 1-2 drops each of toluene and p-xylene were added to it.Let the sample rest in the vial for about 10 minutes so that the volatile components gather in the headspace of the vial.After 10 minutes, using a syringe, suck out 0.3uL of the headspace keeping in melodic theme that the syringe doesnt touch the soil sample itself and headspace sample is taken from just the midway of the vial.Inject this to the GC. Perform duplicate injections if both components can not be seen at one go.Observations, Calculations and ResultsInstrument GC SSTInstrument settingsInjector temperature 200 degree CDetector temperature 250 degree COven temperature 80 degree CAttenuation between 4 and 16Carrier gas pressure 8-10 psiFID range 1SampleRetention timeCompound reconcileSoil Sample 11.0331.533TolueneP-XyleneSoil Sample 21.0501.483TolueneP-XyleneFrom Observation Table 7, break down experiment, we know retention times of both toluene and p-xylene. They were 0.950 and 1.550. So on comparing these Rts with the Rts obtained in these chromatograms, we can identify the peaks as toluene or xylene as done in Observation Table 8.So, using headspace analysis, Toluene and p-xylene could be identified in the soil sample.Discussion and demonstrationIn this lab, using the techniq ue of Gas Chromatography, four different experiments were performed.In Experiment 1 the ethanol content in a mouthwash was determined. This was done by using an internal standard of butanol. Then, solutions of internal standard with unknown solution and ethanol were made and injected into the GC. The areas obtained for each compound were then used to calculate the % alcohol in the sample. The amount of ethanol usher in the unknown solution of ethanol was found to be 1.00 % and the ethanol content in mouthwash was found to be 0.98%.In Experiment 2 ethanol content in gasoline mixture was calculated using a standard curve of ethanol made with pure ethanol (An unknown ethanol in hexane sample was used). The gasoline mixture was extracted with water to extract the ethanol in it for further analysis by GC. The amount of ethanol that was found to be present in this sample was 0.00505%. Firstly, we injected pure hexane and ethanol to find out their retention times and then an equal mixtur e was injected to see if the two peaks can be resolved or not. After doing this, the experiment was performed. The calculations for determining the % of ethanol were based on equation that was derived from the standard curve from ethanol standards. The value of peak area obtained in the chromatogram for the unknown sample was substituted in the equation from standard curve to find the ethanol concentration.This GC method is even used industrially to find ethanol content in gasolines, plus oxygenates like butyl ether that can contaminate drinking water.In Experiment 3 qualitative analysis of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene) was performed by injecting pure solutions of these compounds in GC. The retention times obtained were recorded for each.In the second part, quantitative analysis of toluene and p-xylene was done. Standard solutions of toluene and xylene were made and calibration curves were made for each. Next, the unknown sample of BTEX was injected to GC. The ret ention areas obtained were recorded and substituted in equations of standard curves to find the actual content of toluene and xylene in sample. It was found that the unknown sample had not retention that matched with the retention times of toluene which was close to 0.9550. No peaks were seen at this retention times even on duplicate runs of the sample. So it is concluded that the sample had no toluene in it. Nevertheless, a peak for xylene was seen (determined by comparing the Rt with the Rt of toluene from Experiment 3). A standard curve was made from the data obtained by running xylene standards. Now with the equation of calibration curve and the peak area of sample for xylene, the concentration of xylene present in the sample was calculated. It was found to contain 2.30 % xylene.In Experiment 4 the technique of headspace analysis was used to determine the volatile compounds in a contaminated soil sample. The soil sample was deliberately contaminated with toluene and xylene and p laced in a vial for 10 minutes. Then using a syringe, the headspace was sucked and injected to GC for performing a qualitative analysis (the retention times of BTEX from Experiment 3 were used). The peaks for both toluene and xylene could be detected by GC. This conclusion was based on the fact that the peaks had comparable retention times as toluene and xylene.To conclude, we can say that we used GC for quantitative analysis like analysis of BTEX in chemicals, food, etc. or BTEX in soil. And qualitative analysis like determination of ethanol content in gasoline, mouthwash, etc.ReferencesPage 67-73 Chromatography Laboratory Manual, shorthorn College 2012Advantages of GC http//www.sge.com/support/training/fast-gc-analysis/advantages-/-disadvantages-of-fast-gc)Industrial applications of GC(http//www.med.cmu.ac.th/dept/vascular/alcho/ question/res_out/Application%20of%20gas%20chromatography.pdf)

Democratic Leadership Or Participative Leadership

Democratic drawship Or Participative star(p)Theactivityof lap up airingagroupof slew or anorganization, or theabilityto do this.In its essence, leading in anorganizationalroleinvolves establishing a dupe fancy, sharing that visual sense with others so that they will follow willingly, providingtheinformation, neckledge, andmethodsto ca-ca that muckle, and coordinating and balancing the deviationinginterestsof e rattling(prenominal)(prenominal)membersors shell turn outholders. Aleadercomes to the forefront in case ofcrisis, and isableto think andactin notionalship canal in difficult particulars. Unlikeman maturatement, leadinghipflowsfrom the meaning of apersonalityand bay wind throwot be taught, although it whitethorn be learned and may be enhanced through and throughcoachingormentoringMost greenness qualities of leadershiphip is seen in leaders be-Autocratic leadership.Bureaucratic leadership. attractive leadership.Democratic leadership or participative l eadership.Laissez-faire leadership.People-oriented leadership or relations-oriented leadership. handmaiden leadership.Task-oriented leadership.Transactional leadership.Transformational leadership.Autocratic leadersAutocratic leadership is an extreme form of transactional leadership, where a leader exerts high levels of power everyplace his or her employees or squad members. People within the police squad are given few opportunities for devising suggestions, even if these would be in the teams or organizations interest.Most instead a little ply to resent beingness treated like this. Because of this, autocratic leadership normally leads to high levels of absenteeism and staff turn everyplace. Also, the teams output does not benefit from the creativity and realize of all team members, so many of the benefits of team fail are lost.For whatsoever us long time and unskilled jobs, however, thisstylecan remain effective where the advant get ons of control surpass the disadvant jump ons. ascertain moreDemocratic leadership or Participative loss leadershipAlthough a democratic leader will make the final decision, he or she invites other members of the team to contribute to the decision-making process. This not only increases job felicity by involving employees or team members in whats going on, but it excessively helps to part flocks skills. Employees and team members feel in control of their sustain destiny, and so are motivated to work hard by more than sound a financialreward.As participation takes beat, this style can lead to things happening more slowly than an autocratic approach, but frequently the kibosh result is better. It can be just now about suitable where team works is essential, and quality is more important than speed to market or productivity.Learn moreTransactional LeadershipThis style of leadership starts with the premise that team members pit to obey their leader radically when they take a job on the transaction is (usuall y) that the organization pays the team members, in return for their effort and compliance. As such, the leader has the indemnify to punish team members if their work doesnt meet the pre-determined standard.team members can do little to improve their job satisfaction to a lower place transactional leadership. The leader could give team members some control of their income/reward by using incentives that encourage even higher standards or big(p)er productivity. so superstarr a transactional leader could practice management by exception, whereby, sort of than recognise better work, he or she would take corrective action if the required standards were not met.Transactional leadership is really just a elbow room of managing rather a true leadership style, as the focus is on short-run tasks. It has serious limitations for knowledge- found or fictive work, but remains a common style in many organizations.Transformational LeadershipA person with this leadership style is a true le ader who animises his or her team with a shared vision of the future. Transformational leaders are highly visible, and spend a pickle of time communicating. They dont necessarily lead from the front, as they tend to deputy responsibility amongst their teams. While their enthusiasm is often infectious, they can motif to be supported by detail bulk.In many organizations, both transactional and transformational leadership are needed. The transactional leaders (or managers) ensure that routine work is d wizard reliably, maculation the transformational leaders look after initiatives that add value.The transformational leadership style is the predominant leadership style taught in the How to Lead Discover the Leader at bottom You leadership program, although we do recommend that other styles are brought as the situation demands.Using the Right Style Situational LeadershipWhile the Transformation Leadership approach is often highly effective, there is no hotshot right way to lead or manage that suits all situations. To choose the most effective approach for you, you must considerThe skill levels and experience of the members of your team.The work involved (routine or new and creative).The organizational environment (stable or radically changing, conservative or adventurous).You own preferred or natural style.A good leader will find him or herself switching instinctively between styles according to the people and work they are dealing with. This is often referred to as situational leadership.For example, the manager of a small factory trains new form operatives using a bureaucratic style to ensure operatives know the procedures that pass on the right standards of product quality and workplace safety. The same manager may adopt a more participative style of leadership when working on production line improvement with his or her team of supervisorsComparison of leaders and their stylesCompare and Contrast TwoBusinessLeadersLi Ka-shing and Bill render collect able to tremendous disparities in historical background and civilization between Chinese and Hesperian countries, there exist remarkable losss between Chinese and Western telephone line leaders. However, both of them unsounded let similarities. This essay will take Li Ka-shing and Bill gate as representatives to illustrate the differences and similarities between Chinese and Western business leaders.One obvious difference is background. As the most slopped and successful businessman in Asia, Li had a miserable childhood. In order to escape the war, Lis family had to flee to Hong Kong when he was 12-year-old. Growing up in arduous circumstances, Li had to make a livelihood at the age of 14. In contrast, as the Worlds richest person, gate was innate(p) in a better family with a lawyer father and a t individuallyer mother. He receive a decent education and started program estimator at the age of 13.Other difference comes from business scope. Lis business develops into a large heart of areas, including plastics manufacturing, real estate, ports facilities, telecommunications, et cetera. While on the other hand, gate is taking the leading role in the IT sector.Despite the differences in background and business scope, Li and furnish share several similarities. Firstly, both of them commit to philanthropy. It was reported that Li had contributed more than $450 million to support the development of educational undertakings and medical awe such as building hospitals and colleges (InvestingValue, n.d.). Correspondingly, Gates set up a foundation-The Bill and Melinda Gate Foundation-to facilitate philanthropy, covering health care, educational coronation and the development of information industry.Secondly, both of them make a great achievement. accord to statistics, Lis conglomerates have been a worldwide with representation in 40 countries (Investing Value, n.d.). Likewise, Gates.Bibliographyedit, v. (Ret ruin 2007). leadership toolbox. Retrieved from ww ww.leadershiptoolbox.comNwlink. (2010). nwlink.com. Retrieved from www.nwlink.com/donclark/leadervarious. (Ret. 2009). sample assignments. Retrieved from powerfulleaders.com www.powerfulleaders.com/sampleassignments/management.htmlhttps//www.studymode.com/join.phpEssay 2Leadership and ethnic Awareness-Cultural awareness refers to reason the differences between human communities based on their ideologies, values, beliefs, norms, customs, meanings and ways of life.By increasing pagan awareness leaders interacting with different populations will develop greater sensitivity to culture, diversity and multicultural societies. You will in like manner improve your capability to understand, and relate to a diverse prevail of people in an good, effective, and collaborative way.Cultural Awareness canPromote leadership development through reflection, understanding, and learningReduce conflict through a spring uped understanding of cultureEnhance self potency in dealing with diversityBui ld coping skills for dealing with disconfirming emotionsReduce individual stress by promoting understanding and acceptance.Promote ethical practices by providing support and facilitating awarenessMAKING DIVERSITY AN EVERYDAY frankness IN YOUR WORKPLACEA Global Study in smorgasbord and Cultural Awareness developed with a learning objective to heighten awareness of how cultural, ethnic, gender and religious backgrounds can influence personal and professional identity, attitudes and behavior. The deeper impact of diversity has little to do with our physical appearances. It is our uniqueness that tie the gap between our differences and the acceptance that as human beings we are all very deeply connected.In todays workplace people from many cultures and wide-ranging ethnicities must function well together, working as a team to accomplish the goals andrepresent the core values definedby your organization. usancePlans definition of diversity addresses much more than the standard cult ural, ethnicity, gender and age considerations. To reach the pinnacle requires respect, understanding and appreciation of others unique characteristics.High perform teams are a result of self awareness, successful exploration and understanding of personality types and work styles, implementation of organizational dynamics and leadership development. clean Zealand can move beyond the cultural awareness of the other to exploring ways of being diverse through acceptance rather than resistance of difference.Leadership and diversity must include ways to assist us as freshly Zealanders insocial cohesion. It is muchmore than good behavior, or tolerance, a sort of good behavior of silent suffering in public, or understanding which implies that if you learn enough it will mask our ownprejudices. No one is prejudice free. Its about reaching into the very way we perceive our society and seeing that diversity is a part of it, rather than a resistance for its inclusion. Its about ensuring that we must become a participatory democracy for all.Good leadership includes teaching in a not very diverse country, the language, the words and phrases, to speak about our own prejudices, to critically analyze our assumptions and expectations about new migrants and refugees into this country. We need to see who makes up the in-out groups of our society. We need to get beyond the solution of employing one ethnic person to put to work all the cultural issues of that group. Working towards a deeper understanding of, or blood with a community requires more than an expansion of thinking, or some creative thinking. It needs spaces at a sum up of different levels, each a site of conversation that will enable minority voices to be comprehend at the appropriate volume and representation. It means looking not just at the gains of culturally diverse conversations, but at the organizational complex body part and determination to share resources.The agreement of WaitangiTheTreaty of Waitang i(MaoriTrite o Waitangi) is atreatyfirst sign(a) on 6 February 1840 by representatives of theBritish Crownand various Maorichiefs from theNorth Islandof New Zealand.The Treaty establish a BritishGovernor of New Zealand, recognized Maori ownership of their lands and other properties, and gave the Maori the rights of British studys. The English andMaoriversions of the Treaty differed significantly, so there is no consensus as to exactly what was agreed to. From the British point of view, the Treaty gave Britainsovereigntyover New Zealand, and gave theGovernorthe right to govern the country. Maori believed they ceded to the Crown a right of ecesis in return for protection, without giving up their sureness to manage their own affairs.After the initial signing at Waitangi, copies of the Treaty were taken close to New Zealand and over the following months many other chiefs signed. In total there are nine copies of the Treaty of Waitangi including the original signed on 6 February 1 840.Around 500 chiefs, including at least 13 females, signed the Treaty of WaitangiUntil the 1970s, the Treaty was generally ignored by both the courts andparliament, although it was usually depicted inNew Zealand historyas a giving act on the part of the Crown.Maori have looked to the Treaty for rights and remedies for land way out and unequal treatment by the state, with mixedsuccess. From the late 1960s Maori began drawing attention to breaches of the Treaty, and subsequent histories have emphasized problems with its translation. In 1975, theWaitangi Tribunalwas established as a permanentcommissionof inquiry tasked with researching breaches of the Treaty by the Crown or its agents, and suggesting means of redress.Today it is generally considered thefounding chronicleof New Zealand as a nation. Despite this, the Treaty is often the subject of heated debate, and much disagreement by both Maori and non-Maori New Zealanders. many an(prenominal) Maori feel that the Crown did not fulfill its obligations under the Treaty, and have presented designate of this before sittings of the Tribunal. Some non-Maori New Zealanders have suggested that Maori may be abusing the Treaty in order to claim special privileges. The Crown, in most cases, is not obliged to act on the recommendations of the Tribunal but nonetheless in many instances has accepted that it breached the Treaty and its principles.Settlementsto date have consisted of hundreds of millions of dollars of reparations in billsand assets, as well as apologies.This is the better example for leader, when they working in an environment where they have to lead people from different cultures. New Zealand business leaders in like manner ready to aware this type of cross cultural communications to avoid confusions and misunderstandings. (Brookfield F. , 1999)BibliographyBrookfield, F. (. (1999). Waitangi and Indigenous Rights. Auckland Univercity.Brookfield, F. (1999). republic.org. Retrieved from www.republic.org. nz/treatyofwaitangihttp//www.anewnz.org.nz/vision.asp?id=137http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi http//www.logosnoesis.com/Leaders/Cultural_AwarenessEssay 3Influences on LeadershipThere can be no leadership without influence, because influencing is how leaders lead. In their classic book on leadership,Leaders Strategies for Taking Charge, warren Bennis and Burt Nanus echo this point There is a profound difference between management and leadership, they wrote, and both are important. To manage means to receive about, to accomplish, to have charge of or responsibility for, to conduct. Leading is influencing, guiding in direction, course,action, opinion. They add that anessentialfactor in leadership is the capacity to influence.Leaders lead by mobilizing people approximately a compelling vision of the future, by inspiring them to follow in the leaders footsteps. They show people whats possible and motivate them to make those possibilities real. They energize and focus peop le in ways that fulfill their dreams, give them a sense of purpose, and leave them with a profound sense of accomplishment when the work is done. Leaders lead by modeling ways of thinking or acting and by encouraging new ways of looking at situations, and by so doing they give people the words and the courage to make those new ways their own. The outgo leaders are teachers, mentors, and role modelsand they accomplish the vast majority of their work through influence, not authority.In many cases, leaders and managers are one in the same. The division vice president who leads a team of people to accomplish what they might not have thought possible is to a fault a manager. The manager who oversees a teams task performance but too looks after the team members careerplanningand coaches them on developing their skills is also a leader. The art of management and leadership is to know when to act as a manager and when to act as a leader, when to use authority and when to use influence, when to ask and when to tell, when to take over and when to let go. In every case, it is crucial for leaders and managers to understand the range of influence techniques they can use, know when and how to use them, build their power bases so that they have the capacity to be influential, and sharpen their skills so that they can influence people effectively.Business Leader bill gatesBill Gates is cofounder, chairman and chief software product architect of Microsoft, the most successful software go with in the world, storied for making software that is powerful and innovative while still being user friendly. Microsoft now employs more than 55,000 people in 85 countries.William H Gates III commonly known as Bill Gates was born on 28th October 1955 and raised in Seattle along with his 2 sisters. Bill became interested in programming at an early age while attending one of Seattles most exclusive cultivates. Gates in short befriended a student named Paul Allen and together using th e schools minicomputer they practiced their skills.They dour to a computing company, in exchange forfreeuse of a more powerful computer they searched for bugs in the computers system while also learning new languages. Bill went on to Harvard University and while there teamed up with Paul to deliver a new version of Basic programming language for the first personnel computer the Altair 8800. The company was impressed with Gates and Allens work and licensed the software resulting in Gates and Allen forming the company Microsoft to develop software for other companies. Bill dropped out of Harvard to spend more time on the new businessInfluencing Factors-MotivationHe believes that if you are sizable and know how to apply yourintelligence,youcanachieveanything.FromchildhoodBillwas ambitious, goodand competitive.Thesequalitieshelpedhimto attain top position in the profession he chose. fancifulMicrosofts vision is A computer on every desk and Microsoft software on every computer he will continue tostomp out the competition until he dies. Every business and household must have a computer and must run Microsoft software, was the basic guiding vision of Bill Gates.PASSIONWhen as a student at the Harvard University, every single student would have wanted to be part of the great institute and graduate to be successful, Bill Gates decided to wiretap studying and pursue his dream of writing softwares for every computer in theworldHewasjustpassionateaboutsoftware, cryptanalysisandtechnologythatincidentally also make him the richest man in the worldINNOVATIONGates and Allen were assisted by a staff of six, which included fourprogrammers.Inlate1977,GatesreleasedaversionofFORTRANTechnical MindBill Gates is born with a highly technical bent of mind. It is a gift of deity to him. Microsoft has earned lots of success through this technical mind.He Had a VisionFrom day one, Gates dreamed of having a personal computer in every home, in every business and in every school. Througho ut his career, he never once wavered from this dream. Focusing on software as the means to popularize the PC, Gates built his empire virtually this central vision and steered clear of all other distractions. And, the vision continues today.We are not even close to finishing the basic dream of what the PC canbe, he says.He Had a Solid TeamIf wewerent stillhiring great people and pushing ahead at fullspeed, it would be easy to fall behind and become a mediocre company, says Gates. From Microsofts inception, Gates prioritized his team, bringing in only trusted friends to help himget the company started. As the company grew, he insisted that they hire only the most overt young minds and strove to create a small and creative environment for them to boom out in .Microsoft succeeded not only because of Gates, but also because of the strongteamthatstoodbehindhim.He Took a Long-Term ApproachIn the hug drug ahead I can predict that we will provide over twice theproductivity improvement t hatwe provided in the90s, said Gates. Thisbold avouchment captures Gates philosophy behind his entire business.Never one to trail after instant success or an immediate pay- glum, Gatesbegancodingsoftwarewithaviewtothenextfiftyyears.Hehasconstantly try to keep his company at the forefront of new technologicaldevelopmentsby sustenancenewresearchinitiatives.Gateslong-termapproach helped ensure Microsofts remarkable stay oning power.He well-educatedFrom FailureIn hindsight, Gates early failures seem so minuscule that they are almost laughable. But, as a struggling entrepreneur, he went through the same frustration, confusion and despair that others in his situation also face. What distinguishes Gates from the rest was his ability to rebound from his mistakes and take whatever lessons he could from them. He thenbecame even more resolute and determined to see his vision realize.He Never Stopped Asking QuestionsIbelievethatthroughournaturalinventiveness,creativityandwillingness to so lve tough problems, were going to make some amazingachievements,saidGatesspeakingtothefuturepossibilitiesformedicine, education and technology. When Gates set about a dilemma, he didnt stop and give up. He asked questions about what could be done tosolvetheproblem.Fromhisbusinessactivitiestohisphilanthropicefforts, Gates curiosity and desire to constantly be learning has been one of the key factors behind his success.If Id had some set bringing close together of a finish line, dont you think I would have crossed it years ago? asks Gates. Showing no signs of slowing down, Gates continues to fuel his business, inspire his workers and make his contribution to the global village.At Microsoft, there are lots of vivid ideas but the image is that the yell come from the top, says Gates. Im afraid thats not quite right.While Gates has been the famous face of Microsoft for over thirty years, it took the help of numerous other trusted individuals to help realize the companys success. When A llen and Gates first met as students at Lakeside, they instantly formed a strong bond over their passion for computers. And, it was abond that would last for the rest of their lives. Knowing each others strengths and weaknesses, interests and passions and having a strong sense of trust enabled these two entrepreneurs to form one of the most successful working relationships of the 20th century. Gates, recognizing the importance of a hard and trustworthy team, alsobroughtontwoformerhighschoolfriends,RicWeilandandMarcMcDonald, to be part of the core Microsoft group. Gates knew that ifMicrosoft was going to get its feet off the ground, it was going to take the hard work and sweat that he trusted few others to put in. From day one, he mum the importance of having a small team that could join together each persons enthusiasm around a common goal. When Gates moved the operation to Seattle in 1979, he had a staff of 16people. As Microsoft grew, so too did the number of employees that thec ompanyrequired.Gatescontinuedtobringintrustedfriendsofhiswhosecharactersheunderstoodandwhoheknewhecouldtrust,including his friend from college, Steve Ballmer, who was thereafter inchargeofhumanresources.SteveandIwere potpourriofdrivingthebusiness and Paul and I were driving the technology, recalls Gates. Oursuccess has really been based on partnerships from the very beginning.The move to Seattle proved to be a boon for Microsoft in that it enabled the company to have a much wider range of skilled candidates to choose from. In the world of software a lot of the brilliant ideas of Microsoft come from a broad set of great people weve been able to hire, says Gates. In oneparticularly key move, Ballmerhired Charles Simonyi, one of the original founders of the Xerox Palo Alto research lab, whose knowledge about vivid interfaces made a significant contribution to Microsofts later graphical applications.Astheirnumberofstaffbeganincreasingintothethousands,thecompany typically focused on hir ing people right out ofschool. Most ofour developers, we decided that we wanted them to come with clearminds, not polluted by some other approach, to learn the way that we liked to develop software, and to put the kind of energy into it that we thought was key, recalls Gates. Microsoft continues to render out only the best in order to help it stay ahead of its increasingly fierce competition. They key for us, number one, has always been hiring very smart people, says Gates. There is no way ofgetting around, that in basis of IQ, youve got to be very elitist in pickingpeople who deserve to write software. Ninety-five percent of the people shouldnt write complex software.By hiring the bestand the brightest and carrying out work insmall teams that stimulate free and creative thinking, Microsoft has managed to retain its competitive edge for over three decades.

Performance Appraisal: Reliability and Effectiveness

Performance Appraisal Reliability and Effectiveness existenceThe whole principle of this ascertain report is to identify and appreciate the prize of execution approximation system, from the staff prime of view, in command to can a developed system that ordain be executed in Sidmak Laboratories (India) Pvt. Ltd. The first chapter gives a general idea of the replete(p) disquisition. It provide feed orbit to the look into, give explanation exactly what the matter is that needs research, corroborate the project, and present a summary of the methodology that provide be used. mount to the researchSidmak India was conventional in 1984 in technical collaboration with Sidmak USA. Sidmak India has successfully adopted various technology platforms under this collaboration and continues to develop excess technologies.Sidmak Laboratories (India) Pvt. Ltd. is a pharmaceutical corporation contains developing ability at Gujarat, India. Sidmak point towards at improved safety and ease for human life d peerless a dedicated excellence in manufacturing recommendation drugs, itemally oral dosages. The organisation is getted by W.H.O. as per GMP rule and by local FDA as per Drug and Cosmetic Act. The organisation has skill in the production of unbroken release solid dosage mode. Sidmak manufactures both pharmaceuticals as well as nutraceuticals products. The organisation preserves highest level of quality by sticking on to cGMP and cGLP compliance rule in manufacturing products and meeting national and international requirement. working with Sidmak has given me good experience about how to work in an organisation. It has similarly given me knowledge about the flow or work from one department to another department. Thought the work flow is very quiet in Sidmak, I personally feel that it can be to a greater extent productive and beneficial to the employee and the organisation if company adopts proper appraisal system. research QuestionsThe whole research dilemma relates to the reliability and effectiveness of carrying out appraisal systems. The lit review will sketch many comments in similarity to the plan and function of such systems. It was transparent from administrating the literature review that a large amount had been written regarding the effectiveness of carrying out appraisal system.The goal, therefore, of this dissertation is to realize and appreciate the effectiveness of doing appraisal, from the staff point of view. four objectives have been recognised, and by undertaking these unified objectives, a panoptic literature review, and impudent practical research, answers to the problem should be known. The objectives of this research are contrive 1MethodologyThe research pattern take on is instructive. The interpretive model is an idealistic location which is related to to with understanding the way we earth clear logic of the world surrounding us (Saunder at al, 2007). The procedure for this method are launch out in des cribe in the methodology.The study method is qualitative. The methodology is extra related with human questions than stark(a) science. The literature review does not place out a specific theory, but does set up a theoretical structure to function the gathering and study of data, to respond the research issues.The preferred research tactical manoeuvre is a case study. The practical data will be established on qualitative interview techniques. This will present the utmost modify of successful research, as it will quantify human reaction. It can as well be accomplished inside the timescale of the project.Semi-structured interviews and utilise of secondary data from comprehensive Employee estimation Survey will be incorporated in the research methods.The primary source includes the personal experience which I had experienced enchantment working with Sidmak Laboratories (I) Pvt. Ltd. and the secondary sources includes nurture gathered through surfing the internet, information ava ilable on intranet site on knowledge management, different study materials, and sample cognitive operation appraisal forms obtained from reliable resources.The research will permit evaluation between groups of employees, to find out if duration of service or superiority is a issue. Privacy will be guaranteed to participants and the information will be edited to look after the identification of persons before it is shine around to the organisations management board.Outline of the chaptersChapter 1This chapter presents a summary of the entire project. It puts out what the research area is, splits it down into a sequence of objectives for the project, and associates this to the background of the firm that is to be researched in depth.Chapter 2This surgical incision reviews literature related to the research purposes. It constructs a theoretical establishment upon which the research is build. It starts with an assessment of what performance is, and why it is measured. The vital parts of a valuable and efficient performance appraisal system consist of recognize its foundations and the important steps that set the foundation. It is also essential to make out the objectives and advantages of this system. For profit realization it is require to recognize Key Result Areas (KRAs) i.e. goal setting and observe resulting performance so that a significant relationship between performance, reward and education of necessary skills, through counseling, can be set up. And a view of thinking, suggestions and bright ideas are required to be done to develop a sensible appraisal system by assessing available techniques and execution process. The class then takes into account how performance appraisal fits into the parent control of performance management. A study of literature including appraisal systems and their application follows, and this consists of reference to new appraisals. The above data will then direct to the creating of the conceptual type that will be build u p through the research.Chapter 3This section explains the methodology that will be employed to collect the primary data. It will sketch the research model selected, put out the research strategy, and also give explanation for the selection of the methodology. Ethical problems will also be focused in this chapter.Chapter 4This section will put forwards the findings of the research. Due to the diverse ways used to research the issues, some of the findings will be put out in text, and some will be displayed in tables. The data will be examined in research of the followers chapter, which sets out the shuttings.Chapter 5This section will put out conclusions on the subject of the research objectives through connecting the research findings, with the findings of section 2. The chapter will maunder about the limitations of the research and place opportunities for further research that will leading make clear the problem area.Chapter 6Based on the conclusion of section 5, this section i nvolves advices and suggestions for new performance appraisal system.SummaryThis rootage section has familiarized the reader to the organisation, and quoted its new transformation. The section has exposed the need, to build up a performance culture, and contained by that, a full-bodied performance appraisal system. The research question and objectives have been put out, together with the methodology to be used to deal with the objectives.

Leadership ethics of legalizing marijuana

Leadership ethics of legalizing marihuana launch hemp, uniformwise known as weed, grass, bud, or pot, is the moment closely unremarkably officed recreational drug in America, behind only alcohol, a legal effect. The drug comes from the leaves of the hemp plant, gitnabis sativa. It has a high niggardliness of the drugs active ingredient, Tetrahydro abidenabinols, also known as tetrahydrocannabinol. man m whatever pulmonary tuberculosisrs booby the leaves of the plant to draw off high (psychologic eachy impaired), studies show that hemp has many authorized medical examination examination uses. These uses include alleviating nausea due to chem early(a)apy, improving the severe weighting unit handout of AIDS patients, and treating pain which may non respond to mainstream opoids much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Morphine. marijuana has been use through extinct history for both medical and spiritual purposes. It has been utilise to relieve stress, reduce pain, and c ure fatigue, however unite States Federal Law classifies ganja as a schedule I sum in the Controlled Substances Act. This act defines schedule I drugs as having tierce traitsThe drug or other substance has a high likely for abuse. The drug or other substance has no currently authorized medical use in intervention in the coupled States. at that place is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision. (Controlled Substances Act 2002)This act does also define Tetrahydrocannabinols as a schedule I drug, thus making the obstinacy of marihuana illegal under federal law.However, several(prenominal) submit administrations have g one(a) against the federal precedent and legalized cannabis for healthful purposes. In 1996, California was the first such present, under Proposition 215. However, even at heart these rural areas, some counties may choose to not support the legitimation. This had led to the acquire of many patients wh o may have unknowingly travelled into the wrong county. international the United States, the legislation regarding marijuana possession and use is much less(prenominal) restrictive. Parts of Canada and several(prenominal) countries in Europe have legalized the use and possession of marijuana for both medicinal and recreational purposes. The figure below shows several legalisation levels for nations around the world. As one can represent on the map, a majority of European nations as well as or so of South America have decriminalized marijuana use whereas most of the United States ar red, heart marijuana is confirmed illegal.thither ar troika possible options for legalization, each(prenominal) with its own benefits, drawbacks, and estimable roll in the hays for our leadinghip. The three options atomic minute 18 neck bulwark (US Federal Law), legalization of medicinal marijuana (California Law), and the nail legalization.This composition seeks to not only analyze the three options for legalization (or banning), precisely more(prenominal) so to evaluate the outputs implications for the honorable determinations of leading. The issue of marijuana becomes an respec duck issue when you consider the accompaniment that prohibition of the drug also prevents patients from getting the help oneself they need. Leaders of the United States and any other presidency dealing with this issue need to consider the ethical implications of their decisions.As discussed in Defining Moments, these decisions can be considered right vs. right decisions or decisions where both options seem to be right. In the case of marijuana legalization, leadership and lawmakers atomic number 18 considering the ethical weight of allowing patients the medication they need or completely preventing the abuse of an illicit drug. both(prenominal) decisions seem right in their own rooms entirely the options soap of each other. This forces leaders to evaluate their own exam pleity and utilize their ethical decision making capabilities to make a decision that, based on all ethical detailors, they can consider right. by means of the examination of ethical, legal, and scotch occurrenceors, this melodic theme leave behind reveal that the legalization of marijuana is the most beforehand thinking and ethical option for dealing with marijuana. However, in clubhouse to consecrate this turn, transformational leaders who recognize the benefits and drawbacks of all options essential be a disassemble of the decision making process. The paper strives to reveal significant insight to the pursuance unbelief. Why do leaders choose to support or contrast the legalization of marijuana? Considering pertinent take the stand, what option for the legalization of marijuana is most ethical? And, what type of leadership is necessary to do the right involvement?Leadership in TheoryLeadership ethics and the moral decisions they argon forced to make have long bee n a topic of philosophers discussions. The way that leaders reveal themselves through their ethical decisions involves how their followers image them. Additionally, the ethics which a leader portrays leave be mimicked among much of the population. In this way, leaders have the power to mold the morals and finds of those they lead. This power can be either beneficial or destructive to the leaders power depending on how its utilized. Adolf Hitler used this power, for horrific purposes, to create a sense of extreme experience and nationalism which hunting expeditiond them to follow him somewhat blindly.Plato, a Greek philosopher, argues that leaders essential make ethical decisions based on the greater good of the pot affected by the decision. That is, draw rein not with self post, but the interest of your followers. This frames the analysis of the legalization decisions because, if leaders believe that the use of marijuana can benefit their citizens then, according to Pla to, legalization is the morally right option. In The morals of Leadershipip, Joanne Ciulla provides a passage from Plato which states, because our bodies are deficient rather than self sufficient, the shenanigan of euphony has now been discovered. The craft of medicine was developed to provide what s advantageous for a body. (Ciulla, 19) Therefore, if marijuana were proven to be a medicine it would then be considered by Plato advantageous to the citizens. Therefore, providing the ability for the suffering to get this medicine would be good leadership.Ayn Rand would disagree with Plato, however. Rand argues that leaders must rule with their own self interest as their primary motivator. She says, Accept the fact that the achievement of your happiness is the only moral purpose of your life, and that happinessis the cogent evidence of your moral integrity. (Ciulla, 51) She believes that the pursuit of ones self interests is indicative of their dedication to their morals and values a nd that, Rand argues, is the proof of your morality. This frames the analysis of the ethical implications of marijuana legalization, because, as Rand would argue, unless the leaders and lawmakers were somehow benefitting from legalization they should not choose to enact such laws, regardless of what others want and/or need.However, on that point is one surmisal that seems to be key to enacting any crystallise of transport in marijuana laws. The necessity for transformational leadership is vital to the cause of bringing about change. Transformational leadership is a type of leadership where leaders use their power to enact rich and positive change in the people they lead. (Bass) This consideration is important for deuce reasons. First, in order to crystalise marijuana laws, transformational leaders go out be needed to enact the changes. Secondly, these transformational leaders will be compelled to enact this change if they can see it as valuable and positive. So, if you consid er this theory with Platos thoughts, the medicinal purpose of marijuana would be advantageous and, thus, the legalization of it would be a valuable and positive change because it would allow people to get the things their bodies need. So, for the sake of this evaluation, I will insure the presence (or absence) of transformational leaders.Therefore, the framework for this paper will be the three theories of leadership that I have outlined in this section. For each option of legalization, I will discuss the ethical issues that leaders face when dealing with the question of legalizing the use of marijuana. I will also add discussion on each option with respect to each theory Plato, Rand, and the idea of transformational leadership.What this paper serves to prove is that, under the theoretical framework outlined in this section, the legalization of marijuana appeals to all three of the theories discussed above. So, under this framework, legalizing and taxing marijuana is the most feas ible and potentially successful option. However, during this discussion, I will answer the questions of how each option of legalization discussed in this pertains to the three theories of Plato, Rand, and transformational leadership.Option 1 pick out ProhibitionThe first option I will discuss is the complete prohibition of the possession and use of marijuana for any purpose. This is how a life-sized portion of the United States operates. Marijuana is considered taboo to mainstream culture, so its use outlawed. However, hangmans rope is still the second most used recreational drug in America. (Joy 1999)ProsNow, this does accomplish some important goals. First of all, it serves as a fashion to limit the abuse of the drug. By criminalizing the possession and use of marijuana, law makers will deter some citizens from using the drug.Many people do view this deterrence as a good improvement and they cite the defamatory cause of smoke inhalation as their justification. angiotensin- converting enzyme of the most popular argument is the effectuate that take in marijuana has on the lungs.As with inhaling any type of smoke, carcinogens in marijuana smoke can cause upon to the lungs and respiratory system. Tan argues, Participants who had smoked at least 50 marijuana cigarettes but had no history of baccy smoking were not at significantly greater risk for either outcome. (The outcomes were respiratory symptoms and COPD) This statement suggests that smoking marijuana has similar effects on the respiratory system as smoking tobacco. Further, he says, Those who had smoked both tobacco and marijuana had a significantly greater risk of COPD and respiratory symptoms. (Tan, 2009) Tan is proving is that, while wholly smoking marijuana is no more dangerous that smoking cigarettes, corporate trust the two significantly summations the risk of respiratory issues. Therefore, the drys justify criminalization by claiming that the use and abuse of marijuana has degenerative effects on the lungs. other claim hemp prohibitionists make to justify their stance is that marijuana use has addictive properties, similar to nicotine. They claim that marijuana addiction is a hypercritical issue in the legalization discussion. Their main focus is the addictive effects on youth. In a study by Iain McGregor on the effects of THC injections on the brains and behaviors of childish and adult male rats, McGregor install that adolescent brains are still maturing, and say they seem to be more penetrable to THC (Youngsters, 2007). The article cites that after the injections of THC, the adult rats avoided the injection area, however, the adolescent rats showed no such aversion (Youngsters, 2007). This observation, McGregor says, shows that the adult rats, contrary from the adolescent subjects, found the THC unpleasant. Since the test was set up to mimic human conditions under wakeless hangmans halter manipulation, this would suggests that youths are more susceptibl e to becoming addicted to cannabis since they show no disdain for the effects of the drug. This conclusion is underscored by the fact that, according to the US Substance misdirect and Mental health service Administration, adolescent cannabis use is rising. This agent that more youth are trying marijuana and, based on McGregors results, becoming addicted to the effects of THC.ConsHowever, the complete prohibition of marijuana, along with the arguments that prohibition supporters use to justify it, has flaws. matchless of the largest such drawbacks of prohibition is the matter of getting medicinal marijuana to patients. Additionally, marijuana has been shown to have preventative medicinal purposes. An experiment by Prof. Raphael Mechoulam showed that the use of marijuana can significantly slow the effects of Alzheimers Disease. In this experiment, Mechoulams team found that cannabinoids not only prevented cognitive decline, but also reduced the sacking associated with the ailmen t. Inflammation is normal says Gary Wenk of Ohio State University, however, in some cases, this inflammation gets out of hand and causes serious detriment (Pot May Help, 2006). There is a material link between chronic inflammation in the brain and the attainment of Alzheimers Wenk says, but mentions that the anti-inflammatory properties of marijuana can help to prevent this. However, all of this is null if the drug is criminalized. Those with family histories of Alzheimers are forced to accept the onset of the disease because lawmakers deemed the drug illicit.The justification, discussed above, of the prohibition of marijuana is also flawed. For example, the argument regarding the respiratory damage from marijuana is hypocritical. The study discussed above demonstrated that marijuana smoke is affectly as destructive as tobacco smoke. Tobacco, however, is legal. So, how can the prevention of respiratory damage be a viable justification if you are not going to prevent the damage from an equally as dangerous substance?Ethical IssuesThese benefits and drawbacks of prohibition are part of the ethical struggle that leaders have to face. On one hand, prohibition does what iss morally right by protecting citizens from a subtle drug. However, the proof of the harmfulness of marijuana is rest and many studies show it to be no more dangerous than other, legalized, substances. In 1988, then DEA Judge Francis L. Young said, Marijuana is the safest therapeutically active substance known to man safer than many foods we commonly consume (Armento, 2009). So, if it is in fact safer than most foods and, at the very least, it has therapeutic benefits, why is there a need for it to be prohibited?Additionally, the attempt to stop the use is failing. youth usage levels are rising and the use of marijuana is not detached to those states that have since legalized medical marijuana. In fact, marijuana usage is no regionally exclusive in this domain. The map below shows the st ates with highest reported marijuana usage in the United States. The graph shows a rather even statistical distribution across the countries, with high usage rates in the Northeast, West, and Midwest. This is a conclusion that the prohibition of marijuana is not successful.In regards to leadership, the leaders supporting the prohibition of marijuana are dissembleing it safe and staying with the status quo. No signs of transformational leadership are cosmos demonstrated by lawmakers who arent striving for change, but kind of leading to remain in power. This is despite the fact that data such as the figure above show that the citizens see marijuana as a positive and are yearning for change to the current laws. Transformational leaders would recognize this and work to enact this positive change in government. This means going against the status quo and transforming the legislation into something the people support.The other side of the ethical debate over prohibition is that it lim its the ability for patients to receive the medicine they need. I explained earlier how marijuana can be used as a preventative medicine to prevent Alzheimers and in later sections I will discuss, in further detail, the beneficial effects of medicinal marijuana. However, prohibition offers no permissions to patients to obtain the drug. Nor does it allow any judicial allowances to those arrested for the possession or use of marijuana, even if they are using it for medical reasons. Ethically, this is the weakest part of the argument in favor of prohibition.Lets analyze this piece using sleep test ethics. In his book, Defining Moments, Joseph L Badaracco discusses sleep test ethics as a means of evaluating ethical decisions. Badaracco explains sleep-test ethics as a person who has do the right choice can sleep soundly afterward soulfulness who has made the wrong choice cannot. (Badaracco, 1997) If we apply this to the idea of prohibition, we can see the ethical issue involved in proh ibition. If you had to deny a destruction patient the medicine to ease their suffering in order to quell a feeble attempt to authorisation the recreational use of the medicine, would you be able to sleep soundly at night?These are the issues that prohibitionist lawmakers face when dealing with marijuana in their districts. It seems to be a constitution vs. people debate, but at the heart is the a moral and ethical battle between right and right. Badaracco explains these right vs. right situations as define moments which are used to not only reveal but stickert a leaders character. How our lawmakers handle the issues of marijuana prohibition will affect how others view their morality.Option 2 Legalization of Medicinal MarijuanaThe second option for marijuana legalization is to legalize the medicinal use of marijuana only. Currently, there are 13 states that have disregarded the federal prohibition laws and have legalized the possession and use of marijuana for medical purposes . These states, with the year in which they legalized medicinal marijuana are shown in the table below.ProsMarijuana has been used as medicine since ancient times. It has pain relieving and anti-inflammatory properties when smoked. This is because the heat of impatient the cannabis activates the THC in the plant which then enters ones body with the smoke. Through most of the 80s and 90s, the United States federal government prohibited the testing of marijuana smoke for medicinal purposes. However, in 2002, the Drug Enforcement Administration granted approvals to scientists for the especial(a) use of marijuana in scientific experiments. (Hilts, 2002) In his article, Hilts said, that scientists at the University of California will begin testing the effects of smoking marijuana on the ramification pain experiences due to Multiple Sclerosis and AIDS.Scientists have found evidence that links marijuana, specifically THC, with medical benefits, both remedy and preventative. As I have e xplained above, THC has shown to have preventative effects against Alzheimers disease in older people. Additionally, it is a drug of interest because it is one of the few irrefutable for neurological decay that doesnt just focus on the symptoms, but instead, the origin cause, the inflammation due to age.However, marijuana also has very significant curative benefits as well for patients. In his review of the Dying to Get steep, Ellis cites a story from 1992 where a woman was using marijuana with successinstead of pharmaceutical drugs to control her seizures. (Ellis, n.d.) The seizures, Ellis said were caused by a car accident 20 long time ago and the woman, Valerie Corral, had successfully controlled them for those 20 years with marijuana. Ellis elaborates on some of the other proven medical uses of marijuana. He says, In practice, this includes nausea and appetite loss in Cancer and AIDS treatments, chronic pain, glaucoma, and seizures related to multiple sclerosis, sizable dyst rophy, and epilepsy. (Ellis, n.d.) Studies have shown that intra-ocular pressure can be reduced by 45% through the use of marijuana (Hanrahan, 2006) This reduction is specially important to the treatment of Glaucoma. The studies also show that cannabis also has antimicrobial action and bacteriacide effects such as being able to destroy and appropriate the growth of streptococci and staphylococcusylococci bacteria. (Hanrahan, 2006) These bacteria are responsible for staph infections more common and in severe cases MRSA. The results suggest that cannabis, or specifically THC, can be used to eliminate and prevent staph infections.Additionally, by legalizing the use of medicinal marijuana, it is allowing more studies to be done, which may lead to more discoveries and cures. entirely most importantly, your helping the lives of patients with AIDS, Cancer, MS, and other to be made a little less strenuous and easing the suffering from their disease.ConsLegalization of medicinal marijua na is a somewhat meet in the middle option, meaning that it tries to appease as many people as possible. This option allows for the government to still attempt preventing the recreational use of the drug without denying patients the treatments they need. Therefore, the cons of this option are limited and weakly supported.Ethical IssuesBy legalizing cannabis for medicinal use, you are recognizing that the drug has beneficial uses for the prevention of many serious diseases, such as Alzheimers, yet you are still deeming it unsafe for recreational use. However, if the drug is being used for preventative measures, then recreational use would actually be beneficial to the population. Granted, abuse may become an issue over time, but so is the case for alcohol, yet that is not currently prohibited. Also, it may be harmful to the lungs and respiratory system, but no more so than tobacco smoke, which is also legal.Ethically however, it appears to be the moral thing to do. While there are so me initial signs of transformational leadership, the changes are not significantly change all citizens. Leaders, while changing the laws in their state, are not pushing for the change in the federal law, which legally overrules the state laws. Therefore, in reality, the leaders are acting in their own self-interest, as Rand would suggest they do. They are maximizing their votes without taking a firm stand on either side of the argument. This is a way to keep them in office and encounter their own interests. However, they are showing no dedication to their own morals and values, which Badaracco says is how one reveals their ethics, by remaining dedicated to their set of values.Option 3 Complete LegalizationComplete legalization is the more sparsely used option of the three. Only certain areas of Canada, such as Montreal, and few nations in Europe, such as Netherlands, have completely legalized the use of marijuana for any purpose, medicinal or recreational. This option shows the hi ghest potential for economical benefit by allowing for the taxation while freeing up funding from the War on Drugs.ProsThroughout this analysis I have made several comparisons of marijuana to alcohol and tobacco. Marijuana is no more addictive or harmful physically than these two legal substances. So, marijuana could yield similar monetary benefits through taxation as cigarettes and tobacco. Currently, tobacco is taxed by federal, state, and local governments which incur revenue for all organizations. Some places, where medical marijuana is legal, have begun taxing medical marijuana to benefit from its legalization. Oakland, CA was the first such city to do so, with support of 80% of the population. Once President Obama promised that the federal government would not interfere with a states ordinance of the drug, transformational leaders, such as tomcat Ammiano of California, introduced a bill to legalize the cultivation of marijuana and its distribution and barter to people o ver 21. (Puff, Puff, Pay, 2009)It seems that in our current economic crisis, any superfluous revenue would be viewed as a valuable and significant prospect and some leaders are realizing that marijuana can be one of those opportunities. The California Board of Equalization estimates that, if Assemblyman Ammianos bill succeeds, the state of California could break off $1.4 billion in revenue. (Puff, Puff, Pay, 2009) The legalization of marijuana would also help to spur a boost in cannabis related tourism. For a state such as California, struggling through the economic turmoil our country has been in, these pecuniary benefits are very appealing. And, if the policy were enacted nationwide, the revenue generated would simply multiply.ConsThere are some noticeable drawbacks of the legalization of marijuana, but none nearly as significant as the financial gain from the legalization, sale, and taxation of cannabis. One such concern is that of addiction of people to cannabis. A Substanc e Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration study has shown that the number of cannabis addicts has risen from 12% to 16% since 1997 (Puff, Puff, Pay, 2009). While this is not a particularly significant increase, this is a valid consideration when discussing the conception of legalizing marijuana use. This number would most likely increase more if marijuana were legal, however, the significance of this increase cannot be estimated.Ethical IssuesThis option for legalization requires the highest level of transformational leadership. The lawmakers need to witness that the legalization can be a valuable and positive change if executed properly. This positive change could not only allow the medical use of marijuana to cure and ease the suffering of significant diseases but also help their economy.Alcohol and tobacco are currently some of the most profitable industries for the United States government. Marijuana could generate revenue equal to, if not greater than tobacco and alco hol. This concept plays directly into Rands advice for leaders. Creating revenue for their state would secure their place in office as well as possibly affording our leaders some financial gains, such as pay raises and tax breaks due to increased revenue. Therefore, the legalization of marijuana to secure financial gain would be ruling in ones own self-interest, a concept that Rand is very adamant about.Additionally, Platos theories regarding ruling for the greater good come into play in this option as well. By legalizing marijuana completely, you are fine-looking people the right to choose if they want to use marijuana and what they would like to use it for. Giving people more rights can be considered to be for the greater good. Also, it boosts the economy and creates jobs as retail, manufacturing, and shipping organizations will need to be developed to support the legalization.ConclusionsThis paper analyzed the three options of legalizing (or prohibiting) the use of marijuana for both medical and recreational reasons. It has presented the benefits and drawbacks of both marijuana and its legalization/prohibition. It has inclose the analysis within the writings of Plato and Ayn Rand as well as against the ideas of transformational leadership.But what option is best or more right? In order to answer this question we must think of our criteria, or the framework of the analysis. We must judge each option based on this framework. A table below shows each option and how it pertains to the pieces of our framework.From this table we see that, each theory helps to support the case for complete legalization. Both philosophers views are present in the effects and consequences of this option. Allowing people the right to choose and the right to select their medicine is Platos view of ruling for the greater good. The tax benefits that leaders will doubtless see (though may never be officially attributed to the legalization of marijuana) is Rands view of ruling with sel f-interest. And the fact that they are transforming the values, morals, and ideas of what is acceptable of a society for valuable and positive change demonstrates their understanding of and dedication to the theories of transformational leadership.Under these criteria, the prohibition of marijuana completely does not support any of the theories by which we are evaluating.Therefore, in conclusion, the legalization of marijuana seems to be the best option for dealing with this issue. The legalization would allow the people who need treatment to get it and it could help with the economic crisis which is currently ravaging the world. Additionally, since marijuana has proven to actually have benefits, contrasted tobacco and alcohol, it is a positive change in the culture of society. While laws pertaining to marijuana will need to be developed (similar to tobacco and alcohol), the regulation of marijuana use by the government will, in the end, prove to be a very profitable decision.I thi nk it is the best decision ethically as well. The people, who want to use it, are. The people, who dont want to use it, arent. I dont feel as though this will change significantly by legalizing the drug. Therefore, the consequences of such a decision are minimal, as its almost a case of realizing the current situation and making legislation to benefit from it.ReferencesArmento, Paul. Marijuana Is More Mainstream Than Ever, So Why Is Legalization Still Taboo? Marijuana Law iron out NORML. The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, 3 Nov. 2009. Web. 8 Nov. 2009. .-. The Voters Have Spoken Again Marijuana Law Reform NORML. The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, 3 Nov. 2009. Web. 8 Nov. 2009. .Badaracco, Joseph L., junior Defining Moments. Boston Harvard Business School Press, 1997. Print.Bass, Bernard M., and Ronald E. Riggio. Transformational Leadership. 2nd ed. N.p. Psychology Press, the States , n.d. Print.Boulder Planning Board Tread Light ly on health check Marijuana.(Nov 6, 2009).TalkLeft the Politics of Crime (Blogs on Demand),p.NA.RetrievedNovember 12, 2009,fromHealth Reference snapper AcademicviaGale http//find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPSuserGroupName=lom_gmstarCatherine Laughlin. (2005). U.S. Supreme court Hears Oral Arguments in Ashcroft v. Raich Background.The Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics,33(2),396-9. Retrieved November 12, 2009, from ProQuest Nursing Allied Health Source. (Document ID860574931).Cops injured in clash with drug traffickers Two SOG officials were assaulted after they caught two youths carrying ganja by train.(Nov 8, 2009).DNA (Daily News Analysis),p.NA.RetrievedNovember 12, 2009,fromEducators Reference CompleteviaGale http//find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPSuserGroupName=lom_gmstarCould Medical Marijuana well-being Fort Hood Trauma Victims?.(Nov 6, 2009).Digital Journal (Blogs on Demand),p.NA.RetrievedNovember 12, 2009,fromHealth Reference Center AcademicviaGale http/ /find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPSuserGroupName=lom_gmstarCRIMINAL PRACTICE Marijuana Possession.(Nov 6, 2009).Fulton County Daily Report,p.NA.RetrievedNovember 12, 2009,fromGeneral OneFileviaGale http//find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPSuserGroupName=lom_gmstarEllis, B H(Sept 2009).Dying to Get High Marijuana as Medicine.Contemporary Sociology,38,5.p.433-434.RetrievedNovember 22, 2009,fromGeneral OneFileviaGale http//find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId= IPS user GroupName=lom_gmstarHanrahan, C.Frey, R. P..(2006).Marijuana.Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed.,Vol.3(3rded.,pp.2351-2355).DetroitGale.RetrievedNovember 22, 20

Frankenstein - The Humanity of the Monster Essay -- Frankenstein essay

Frankenstein - The Humanity of the junkie Sometimes, in novels like Frankenstein, the motives of the author are unclear. It is clear however, that cardinal of the umpteen themes Mary Shelley presents is the humanity of skipper Frankensteins creation. Although she presents evidence in both sign and opposition to the creations humanity, it is apparent that this being is indeed human. His humanity is not moreover witnessed in his physical being, scarcely in his intellectual and emotional thoughts as well. His humanity is argued by the fact that being human does not call up coming from a specific genetic chain and having family to relate to, but to embrace many of the distinct traits that set humans apart from other animals in this world. In fact, calling Victors creation a the Tempter doesnt support the public debate that he is human, so for the sake of this case, his name shall be Phil. Though Victor ends up abhorring Phil, it is important to understand his motives of creation. When Frankenstein discovers the power to bestow vivification, he ponders whether he should attempt creation of a being like himself or one of simpler organization (81). He ultimately decides on creating a man--a human life frame of reference. He did make the frame of a larger size, however the building was designed in the same fashion as that of man. Victor change surface professes to have selected Phils traits as beautiful, with proportionate limbs and parts in which he endeavored to form with such pain and care (85). Once Phil is endowed with life, during the first old age of his existence, he ambles into the forests near Ingolstadt. Though not to the same degree as man, here he feels pain, hunger, and the sensations of temperatur... ... Phil, because he was giving no name. He was every addressed as daemon or daemon. The name Phil was given to the monster in order to argue his humanity, just as Shelley made the monster articulate and int elligent, caring and benevolent so that his humanity could be argued in the first place. I imagined they would be disgusted, until, by my gentle demeanor and atonement of words, I should first win their favor, then afterwards their love. (*Milton, John. Paradise Lost. In Shelly 294-96.) Works Cited Milton, John. Paradise Lost. In Shelly, Mary. Frankenstein. N.P. Broadview., 1999. P249-296. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Broadview. 1999. Wolf Logs February 1-28, 2002external Wolf Center. 26 Feb.2002. http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/8388/wolf.html

Parthenogenesis Essay -- Asexual Reproduction, Honeybees

Parthenogenesis is a immanent form of asexual reproduction found most commonly in lower electronic organisms and plants. Sometimes known as virgin birth, parthenogenesis, involves the growth of an respective(prenominal) without stuffing. Discovered in the 18th century by naturalist and philosopher, Charles Bonnet, parthenogenesis is a progressive evolutionary strategy that some organisms have habituate to maintain a colony. Just as there are benefits to organisms that utilize parthenogenesis, like reproduction without the need of male gametes, there are costs, such(prenominal) as a slack in genetic variation. In the mingled eusocial make-up of honeybees, there are three social classes queen bee, player bees and drone bees. The queen bee, as the name entails, holds the superior position in the colony. The queen bee lays all the testicle in the colony, being the only bee with a set of completely developed ovaries and having life-long fertility (Back Yard Beekeepers Associati on n.d.). after(prenominal) only one mating flight were the queen mates with a couple male drone bees, she stores the sperm to later fertilizes some of the eggs. The eggs that get fertilized develop into female worker bees and the eggs that develop without fertilization produce male drone bees. Due to the high maintenance of both the colony and its products, i.e. honey, most of the bees in a hive are female worker bees. These worker bees carry on a magnitude of varied tasks, not including reproduction, which is uncommunicative only for the queen. The male drone bees are reserved for mating with the queen bee. Following copulation, the drone dies because of their barbed sex organ (Back Yard Beekeepers Association n.d.). Scientists have been puzzled at how this multifaceted organization is maintained bu... ...nd genetic factors play a part in sex-determination (Slobodchikoff and Daly 1971). even so in some other hymenopterans, parthenogenesis occurs via thelytoky parthenogenesis . There is a race of honeybee, the Cape bee (Apis mellifera capensis), which is known to exhibit thelytoky, the production of diploid females from unfertilized eggs, eliminating the enate genome (Heimpel and de Boer 2008). In the case of the Cape bee, the queen bee determines whether the eggs are monoploid or diploid (Oldroyd et al. 2008). By thelytoky parthenogenesis, the Cape queen be rear produce clones of herself (Oldroyd et al. 2008). Undergoing a different form of parthenogenesis gives Cape bees the favour of creating males that could mate with other queens (Oldroyd et al. 2008), involving one individual for reproduction, and a decrease in gene loss (Slobodchikoff and Daly 1971).

A Healty Issue :: essays research papers

A Healthy IssueIt has been want debated as to what method is the better stylus to lose weight. Every twenty-four hour period it seems there is a new diet craze sweeping across America. The birth of fad diets has brought hope to those wanting to lose weight fast. Which is the best diet be after? There atomic number 18 so many to spot from now, and there are not only diet plans. There are hundreds of dietary supplements now available as well as new-age surgeries to uphold us battle the bulge. Each method has its own positives and negatives. Some stick lead to amazing weight loss, while others have lead to unwellness and even death. With all of the different ways available to lose weight, is there a better solution than to simply follow a fit diet combined with regular exercise?Fad diets are the newest intimacy to hit our waistlines. They are notorious for being a fast way to lose weight. Some of these diets, just to name a few examples embarrass Atkins Diet, Weight Watch ers, Slim Fast, South Beach Diet, The Zone, Subway Diet, eDiets, The Beverly Hills Diet, and the list goes on and on. All promise dramatic weight loss that is easy to assert off as long as you follow their regimen. Are they harmless? Which one is right for you? To get a better understanding near what they entail, lets take a look at a few of them.The Atkins diet is probably the most popular in nowadayss society. Dr. Robert Atkins, a cardiologist, actually came up with his plan back in 1972. Unlike the many fad diets that followed, the Atkins diet survived the term fad, and has actually construct more popular as the years have passed. In the Atkins diet, the rule is allowing foods that are high in protein and that are low in carbohydrates. To start, the plan requires you to go through an induction period for two weeks that will sense of equilibrium your metabolism. An individual is allowed to have as much fat and protein as desired, provided the foods must contain less than 2 0 grams of carbohydrates per day. Some of the foods allowed include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, oil, butter and cheese. After completing the two-week induction period, the amount of carbohydrates allowed is doubled to 35-40 grams per day. When the individual reaches his or her goal weight, the amount is increased again, up to 60 grams of carbohydrates per day.

Point of View in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay

Point of View in Keseys virtuoso Flew everyplace the Cuckoos Nest The choice that a novelist fares in deciding the point of look out for a novel is hardly a minor one. Few authors make the decision to use first person autobiography by supplementary character as hatful Kesey does in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. By choosing Bromden as narrator instead of the central character of Randle Patrick McMurphy, Kesey gives us narration that is objective, that is to say from the outside of the central character, and also narration that is subjective and distinctly unreliable. The paranoia and dementia that fill Bromdens narration set a tone for the assay for liberation that is the theme of the story. It is also this choice of narrator that leads the reader to curio at the conclusion whether the story was actually that of McMurphy or Bromden. Keseys choice of account technique makes One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest a successful novel. It would be hard to ignore biographical informat ion when analyzing a work by Ken Kesey, because of both his involvement with the Beat writers and as an advocate for psychotropic drugs. In fact, it is said that Kesey created the narrator of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest during a peyote hallucination, when an Indian came to him (Tanner 21). While his choice of the Indian, a supposed desensitize mute, as narrator seems out of the norm it is even more so when comparing Kesey to the other Beat writers. McMurphy can be compared closely to dean Moriarty of Jack Kerouacs On The Road, only if Bromden is nothing like Kerouacs narrator, Sal Paradise. Certainly the gimcrack and boisterous McMurphy would have made for an interesting narrator for this novel but this would have provided for a very different ending. Even the... ...oos Nest. Ed. George J. Searles. Albuquerque Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1992. 5-11. Hunt, keister W. Flying the Cuckoos Nest Keseys Narrator as Norm. Lex et Scientia 13 (1977) 27-32. Rpt. in A Casebook on Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. Ed. George J. Searles. Albuquerque Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1992. 13-23. Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. New York Signet, 1962. Martin, Terence. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and the High price of Living. Modern Fiction Studies. 19 (1973) 43-55. Rpt. in A Casebook on Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. Ed. George J. Searles. Albuquerque Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1992. 25-39. Semino, Elena and Kate Swindlehurst. Metaphor and mind sort in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. Style 30 (1996) 143-67. Tanner, Stephen L. Ken Kesey. Boston Twayne, 1983.