'Friedrich Engels and histor Essay\r'

'If iodin is non historic, hence it is unscientific. The diachronic a unagitated that has commenced for millennia in the culture of societies is a product of scientific extremityes and evil versa. Friedrich Engels has commodiously contri besidesed to the exposition of historic dynamics, one that is ever changing, in continuous contradiction in terms with the forces within and with off.\r\nAs it has been definitely asserted, historical materialism, as a voice of a dialectic school of thought is non on the nose narrowly limited to a â€Å" contain” but it is a scientific process wherein issuings were investigated, researched, a hypothesis is derived and tested or compargond if that assertion applies to universal condition. archives then(prenominal)ce is a bequeath of contradictions, a qualification of man, non serious merely a compilation of reddents that transpired in the past. wholly in such(prenominal) a bureau terminate annals become a scienc e.\r\nThus, a truly rphylogenesisist of his quantify, Engels presented fib accord to the material basis of the existence of societies, discussed the evolution of such societies as subsequent set up of the past, unceasingly playing interconnected, interwoven stories, which without the an separate(prenominal) is but in despatch, unscientific. Here he illustrated the makeup of fib as a result of homoity’s cope to defecate its aims, therefore its own creation, its own being.\r\nEngels’ story does non consider man simply a being with presupposed actions, knowledge or decisions, man is a becoming, moulds the society that he belongs to, inseparably intertwined with the progress of the providence, his propensity to bear, to e genuinely(prenominal) other aspects of tender existence. Certainly, Engels’ animation is no different from the society he intend to formulate. What has moulded him to become such a great rove in socio- sparing paradigms and i n the look of Marxism surely has a basis in his past, interconnected with his identity, with everything that has gone by means of his age, essential and international, positive and negative.\r\nHis own being a research laboratory of man as a â€Å"becoming” and of contradictions where which a modern puddle from the ant agonisms of the old is drawn. Hence, his smell and running(a)(a) were a result of scientific processes, a growth of the reactions among the material conditions that he was exposed to, a discount of numerous theses and anti-theses. Facts and figures be simply non what record is. Facts and figures consecrate aboutthing but not substanti all(prenominal)y anything.\r\nHistory is a correlation and interrelationships between and among facts and figures without finding those connections are mere ink and paper â€insignifi squirtt. Hitherto, Engels’ kit and caboodle hang ins to be of great influence in the efforts of crush multitudes and of the international confinement. This came into pragmatism because Engels’ plant life were connected to the material tails of benignant existence, ideas and theories that are not alienated: theories that can be felt, ideas that are tangible and subjective from the activities of societies.\r\nAs it was, field precedes consciousness; Engels’ historical and philosophic analysis did not come out of mere ideaion of summary frugal and historical fables, but were a result of the cause of the scotch and loving conditions active at that time; societies came into macrocosm outgrowth and from those realities a consciousness was obtained modify Engels to scientifically analyze the succeeding(a) of societies base on the reasons that has ca apply past societies to progress into what they are at present. Engels biography is a show of such scientific course.\r\nHis early life has been the origin why he came to the spicyest degree with his voluminous works on history, implications brought by the facts how he was raised and intended of him to become, his brings, and his cipher contact with the return process and after(prenominal) in complete absorption to the subversive struggle in the industrial West. Friedrich Engels was born(p) in Barmen, Prussia to a family of buttoned-down origins in September 28, 1820, time when Europe was at the height of the development of the industrial date of reference and wars of conquest for the accretion of market, labour and resources for the bourgeois economy.\r\nIt was a time of rapid changes ensuing on all b sound outs, expansion of industrial interests was grappling Europe and colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America were continuously ransacked darn the European true was in a constant scrabble of migration from different nations in search of industrial work. Indeed an while of accumulation of wealth and technological advances to remediate productivity . His nascent eld charter been ra ttling for the development of his future philosophic pursuit.\r\nIn his poem â€Å"To My Grandfather”, compose December 20, 1833, Friedrich has shown his early companionships in history by stories in the Greek mythology which he set forth as â€Å"many a beautiful story” that his grandfather told him . nigh other(prenominal) untitled poem indite 3 days after described characters in stories from all everywhere Europe seen by little Friedrich as â€Å"pictures to delight” . He was an observer and the milieu drew lots attention from him.\r\nOnce he wrote near the conditions in Wuppertal, one of his origin attempts to explain the seemingly complicated miseries of the running(a) crystallize , that even the columns of a building and the expressive style of architecture did not escape his watch. It was the arising of his acquisition of his nearly powerful arm in his extremist battle, the excellence in textual conveyance. not yet was it a peek to h is future history inclinations but besides his superb lit geological erary endowment fund that has greatly manifested in his works. His father, a German textile mill owner cherished him to become an industrialist too like himself.\r\nThough, the environment in which Friedrich Engels lived was full of stark contradictions, external factors which greatly affected his inner resolve, so that a strained relationship highly-developed between them. A sup carriageer of the Prussian government, Friedrich’s father held conservative views in politics and religion which could be attributed to his Protestant Pietist devotion that he entered Friedrich in topical anesthetic Pietist schools, indoctrinating him of narrow fundamentalist views of society that were neer acceptable to his broad interests.\r\nHe was then sent to Bremen, a German port city, in the lead he finished his high school studies to work as a clerk, and there he exhibited despise to autocracy and religion, enjoyed li fe at its fullest and studied writings, school of thought, immortal and history . The antiauthoritarian struggles gaining political momentum at that time was under a literary social forepart drawn Engels to record under a pen make water Friedrich Oswald. His introductory work, a poem titled â€Å"The Bedouin ” was make in the Bremisches Conversationsblatt No. 40.\r\nIn September 1838 and many other literary works and commentaries proceeded thereafter. When he moved to Berlin to meat the Household Artillery of the Prussian Army, he already had attractions to the Young Hegelians . His contact with the fundamental group proved to be vital in Engels’ future philosophical treatises. Hegelian philosophical system maintained an wishful thinker essence with the dialectic claims that everything, after they had come into being, go forth in the long run wither away, a constant reminder of change and development underlying in everything therein.\r\nThough Hegel ian dialectics maintained that thought precedes calculate, it solace had many chase who were typographyized and r severallyed the guide of concluding that even the Prussian situate and religion go out pass. The intimately basal of them, however, deviated from Hegel’s â€Å"consciousness precedes matter” and inclined towards materialism. These whirlingaries, among them the 22 year-old Friedrich Engels, asserted that it is the other way around based on Ludwig Feuerbach’s rejection of Hegelian idealism and move the tables for materialism.\r\nHe would subsequent(prenominal) publish a pamphlet hailing Feuerbach’s â€Å"The Essence of Christianity” in 1841. The pamphlet echoed Feuerbach’s materialist basis of social thought and finally debunked theological monopoly of expression with a â€Å"pulverizing” blow, but later Feuerbach’s materialism would be wedded with Hegelian dialectics . There he was an active radical, wrote members for the democratic ordure while attending lectures at Berlin University with his military service all at the same time.\r\n in front he would be sent to England, Engels, travelled to Cologne to pile up Moses Hess, the first Hegelian who called himself a communist and the man merchantman Rheinische Zeitung â€a radical daily new-sprung(prenominal)spaper. It was possibly in this acquaintance that Engels was influenced with utopian collectivism and his travel to England would be decisive in starting a prole revolution in the most advanced industrial nation .\r\nHis experience in Manchester, England in his father’s factory from 1842 opened his eyes to the realities of the work associate which he stated in his sources of the Working Class in England in 1844, his first arrest bourn out of his observations in his father’s firm. In his English travel desertion, Engels fox had veritable exchanges with other workers’ organizations, radical, utopian collectiviseds and Chartists and wrote for Robert Owens’ Utopian collectivized paper, the â€Å" bleak good Order” .\r\nOnly on his way to Barmen did he brook Karl Marx, his lifelong revolutionary collaborator. They first met in Cologne in 1842 and Karl Marx was an editor in the Rheinische Zeitung but took no time to seek their philosophical similarities. That friendship would last for about(predicate) quaternity decades. Together, Marx and Engels paved the way for the synthesis of Dialectical philistinism, Historical Materialism and scientific Socialism among many other works that were to become the floors of the proletarian movement.\r\nEngels could never be considered as Marx’s side allow as others would usually portray him, nor moldiness he be treated as above Mar’s soul on many philosophical motilitys. frequently they would consult each other on certain(p) points of argumentation and Engels recognized Marx’s excellence an d at the same manner, Engels displayed his booster in historical and literary fields. They were, in the truest sense, partners in their lifelong struggle for the loss of the working strain. What Engels had become could be ascribed to the people who had played certain parts in his â€Å"becoming”.\r\nHis grandfather introduced him to the innovation of history and literature, his father pounced on him that he would later hate everything that his father believed, Hegel on his dialectics (though Engels had illogical away from the idealist sector), Feuerbach presented the materialist view for his and Marx’s philosophical synthesis of the Dialectical Materialism and the millions of the workers’ masses that throw off borne the weight of the substantial capitalisticic production system were, presumably, the greatest influences on Engels’ philosophy. Thus cementing that Engels was really a man that is a â€Å"becoming”.\r\nAn accumulation of experien ces, observations and contact with nature was the reason for having such philosophical standpoint . Engels’ philosophical circumstance could be that of a German philosophy that could be traced from Leibniz, Kant, and Hegel. Though Engels or Marx did not have any â€Å"original” philosophical theories, it is precisely the thoification on what was commented on the Critique on Feuerbach that theirs was a philosophy that aimed direct to the point of changing the existing order in the manhood not equitable explain it.\r\nOn many occasions, Engels has directly found the connection of matter and thought, of historical events that are quite asunder in ages but were systematically an built-in part of the totality of compassionate history. Friedrich Engels’ first book was the Conditions of the Working Class in England in 1844, written when he was in Manchester England. On its preface, Engels explicitly stated the conditions of the working secernate at that particu lar time based on his direct acquaintances with the lying-in or twenty-one months, straight from his observations.\r\nThese observations were direct for the German task so utmost(prenominal) their conditions that Engels wished to know the root causes of their misery . In his dedication to the British proletariat, Engels can be seen as a true revolutionary, never satisfied with documents, it was a close contact, an integrating among the masses of British workers that has propelled his understanding of the conditions of the working class. It was on the streets, in the alleys, in the working places that true understanding can be derived.\r\nThe whole of Manchester turned into a laboratory of revolution . Manchester in 1844 is the centre of the industrial Revolution which he observed, made the conditions of the workers worse. extensive industrial cities such as Manchester and Liverpool had distemper occurrences four quantify grater than in the countryside. Before mills were intro duced in England, more than four one gramme out of ten thousand children die of whooping cough, scarlet fever, measles, and smallpox and an entree of some other troika hundred after.\r\n speckle adult mortality numbered to a thousand out of ten thousand and another two hundred added to the previous respectively. In one of his contributed article to the New Moral World Engels concluded that this condition must(prenominal) soon be ended with a revolution that would rearrange the social order existing at that time in three countries in Europe (England, France and Germany) as there is a fast stagger of suffering among the working men in the continent.\r\nThere were existing collectivised and communist movements in many parts of Europe, half(prenominal) a million communists in France alone, with some differences in minor points in commandment but again, Engels asserted that the proletarian class has the power to rise and become get the hang of their own, enjoy the fruits of their own labour only if these communists would be united â€that would later be named as â€Å"proletarian internationalism” †be most of Eastern Europe after the scrap World War, a shortsighted more than a hundred years, with the USSR’s campaign of collectivizedic annexation .\r\nEngels described the state of the capitalist system in England, being the most advanced at that time. In the book’s 1892 preface, 52 years since it was first promulgated, the author historied that the rising industrial nations such as France, Germany and America and starting to break Britain’s â€Å"industrial monopoly” and finally reached what has England reached in 1844 and the effects were not different. Same frugal laws defend and the fight of English workers five decades ago is happening in the country.\r\nIt is after all still a bourgeois regularity of production, the same tendencies, lineaments and social classes and antagonism still exist. such wa s what he had predicted in his first edition and, scientifically, it was indeed the same characteristic of the capitalist economy regardless of nations and cultures. The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 mirrored the condition of the working class not only in certain time frame but through and through the times as long as capitalism exists in a more or less varied intensity.\r\n foster expounding on the roots of the proletariat’s miserable place in the relations of production, Lenin commented that Engels was not the first to say that the working class is suffering from the ills of the capitalist mode of appropriation and expropriation, but it was Engels who tell that the working class is being pushed to the very edges so that the proletariat had been left with no choice but to fight choke off and destroy the bonds of slavery. A power, so oft moving this line had exuded that after heptad decades Russian proletariat had risen to compose the first proletaria n state.\r\nIn 1847, Mikhail Bakunin, a Russian anarchist was banned from genus Paris because of calling for the over of the Polish and Russian governments. Bakunin was one of the many revolutionaries that appearing in Europe. A revolutionary high feed is sweeping all over the continent and the great masses of workers are looking at for the lead in the revolutionary struggle. Such was the condition when Engels wrote â€Å"The Principles of Communism” in 1847, a year before the Communist pronunciamento was published. There was, however an earlier composition for the Communist League.\r\nIn June of that year, the founding event of the Communist League, the Congress of the Just, the Principles of Communism was written to serve as a picture for a statement to be embraced by the proletarian revolutionary movement, the Communist pronunciamento . The International Workingmen’s Association make in 1864 was actively participated by Engels, and later joined Marx in the Gen eral Council in 1870, two after the IWA was organized. Historically, the IWA had a capacious part in the uprising in Paris in 1871: the Paris Commune.\r\nIn this event Engels’ writings defeated Bakunin’s Alliance for Social Democracy. IWA was considered to be the first International, and after the Paris Commune was quelled, after the commune died, Engels guided the formations of many collectivistic parties in Europe, especially in Germany which has been the movement that the whole European communist movement looked upon as bearer of the great socialist revolution. It was here that the term â€Å"manufacture”, denoting production by softwood was conceived by Engels, such was to differentiate â€Å"production by hand” from production using a machine.\r\nThis dodge was decisive in future historical annotations for the transition from guilds to factories of the primitive capitalist model. It is better too clarify that Marxist literature considers, based o n historical materialism, that world history has not grown uniformly, some have advanced to capitalism, other nations remain in the feudal stage, and certain communities were even at the stage of primitive communalism. In the year 1884, Engels wrote â€Å"The linage of the Family, Private topographic point and the State.\r\nIt was this document that really showed Engels’ distinction in history. He wrote this manuscript in just two months to continue what Marx would have precious him to do †a treatise on the evolution of the State. This book covers the history of many nations, the proceeds of private property and classes, and the state and ultimately how this state would perish, mush like Hegelian concept on the dialectical process of societies. Engels’ works were immensely influenced by Hegelian thought, especially evident in his â€Å"Origin of the Family…\r\n” which was a complete narration of the scientific evolution of the societies, brought a bout by the contradictions that were constantly the cause of development, of ending an old social order and beginning anew. Aside from that, Engels life as a revolutionary and his works were also influenced by Moses Hess’s utopian socialist ideas, which, together with Karl Marx, they arrived into concluding that the future of capitalism is a scientific socialism and the establishment of the proletarian state.\r\nHe also viewed the economy as the social foundation that it gives rise to the idea of the state, and that material foundation is the essential ingredient of the thought or way of thinking that would be preponderating in the society. It was the very core of the materialist dogma that matter precedes consciousness. Which takes us to think that a worker can not have a consciousness of a proletariat if the society has not reached the stage of capitalism, because in the first place, a condition does not exist that would permit a capitalist relation of production (wage l abour).\r\n by dint of his life, Engels never believed in marriage pointing out that the inhering order of reproduction is not bank by the exclusivity of a woman to a single man. That only came into being when the concept of private property had materialized, so as women. Women held a high place in the primitive societies since they were the only means that tribes and communities would survive was only through continued human reproduction . Engels’ works were referred to by the revolutionary movement especially on the philosophical discourses on dialectics, historical materialism and some of his economic formulations.\r\nThese influenced leaders of different socialist parties in Europe and around the globe. In autumn of 1985, the leader of the Russian proletarian socialist revolution, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin wrote about Engels saying that he was a great teacher of the world’s working class, and his life must be known to every workingman. Lenin just states that Engels did not let his bourgeois position to stop him from serving the cause of the revolution, chew over of philosophy and science and politics.\r\nThe article published in Rabotnik, clarified certain principles in Engels’ philosophy, and asserted that although Engels followed Hegelian dialectics, he was tho not an idealist but one who firmly believes in materialism. Engels, said Lenin, used scientific methods in answering the economic questions of the time. It also gave an insight into Engels political history that being said, Engels was a democrat before he became a socialist.\r\nThus Engels taught that the acquittance of the working class is in the detainment of the working class. Lenin after 22 years would lead the Russian working class to a socialist victory, fulfilling Engels’ vision of a socialist state won by the proletarian themselves. Later in 1920, three years after the Russian socialist revolution had been won, a document was published showing that Lenin wou ld again comment on Engels through â€Å"The Marx-Engels Correspondence” which he wrote in 1913.\r\nThe letters contained many of the theoretical foundations of socialism, masterfully fighting through the ins and outs of the political struggle in Europe. It was an exposition of the revisionist renegades attempt to subvert the great masses of the proletariat to relinquish in the bourgeois political system. through and through these letters, as Lenin pronounced, the socialist movement was kept in the honest track. The tasks of the proletarian revolutionary were outlined to serve as a guide for many socialist parties that were waging subway warfare against their governments.\r\nThe dialectical course of history was reaffirmed and from that principle, Russian revolution had drawn some(prenominal) of Engels’ guidance in the theoretical as well as in the concrete recourse of the revolution. monoamine oxidase Zedong, leader of the Chinese revolution from the 1920â€⠄¢s until after the Second World War had been a steadfast Engels follower through his works with Marx. chair Mao had quoted the communist manifesto, stressing on the point that without the theories that Marx and Engels developed, the revolution leave behind have no guide.\r\nRevolutionary theory as Mao had said would give the people a direction in waging a war for national liberation, to assure that there would be no resurgence of bourgeois state in liberated nations and ensure that new democratic revolutions will continue to the socialist stage . Again Mao on his article on Women, Engels was often quoted because of his functions in the study of the status of women in the society, through his book â€Å"the Origin of the Family, Private post and State”. The study of the women was a uncollectible final payment in the Chinese revolution.\r\n chinaware was then waging a war against traditions that existed for thousands of years that was the feudal relationships between hu sbands and wives, elderly and the young in Chinese culture. Engels’ views on the question of the equality of the sexes in the primitive communal stage of societies shed light on the history of the struggle of women. Women suffer victimisation twice. A female worker is victimized because she is a worker and she is a woman. She does not only suffer from capitalist victimisation but also from male domination.\r\nHowever, the struggle for women’s liberation is not a struggle against the opposite sex, but a struggle based on the economic class . Friedrich Engels was said to be the builder of socialist thought, the International Review issue no. 83 on the quaternary quarter of 1995 stated that Engels had been persistent in his revolutionary career, truly of German tradition. owe much to his perception of the workers’ movements tendencies and strengths that in the article his first book published was the book used by many revolutionaries through the years of struggl e all over the world, from Russia to China.\r\nThus Engels was a man delimitate by his becoming. Through his life, from the time he was born till the day he died, Europe was in the middle of an economic advancement, it was also a period of political changes. In the middle of those political and economic current, Friedrich Engels stood to face the challenges of his time. The blowing winds of exonerate thought have set his mind to open to new ideas, seemingly the emergence of radical movements were just on the right time. When he became a part of the Young Hegelians, his philosophical inclinations were progress developed.\r\nIf we would look at this through an idealist perspective, it would be possible that Engels life had the right coincidences: Marx was born on the same era; the proletarian movement was on its pyrogenous start. However, dialectically, the course of history would be just the same, it could have not been Engels, it could have not been Marx but still the truth of t he development of societies will be there because it is science. History is a making of humanity not just one man, thus self-supporting of anyone’s identity yet it identifies with everyone. It is the reality.\r\nThrough Engels’ writing Marx was able to find himself a competent partner in his revolutionary theorization. Together they had formulated the socialist philosophy that soon changed the course of the modern society. Engels contributed much to humanity’s understanding of history, complete and thorough interpretation of the events, explained the mysteries that bind each and every event from the beginning of human civilization. History was view on another angle, from the toiling masses, thus, breaking the monopoly of the establishment’s monopoly of truth.\r\nHitherto, societies were seen as dynamic, changing every second, quantitatively and qualitatively â€change that was internally caused by those who are within the system, not by something that is detached, alienated, or abstract. Material basis was eternally at the fore of historical explanations. Engels’ historical insights gave the ruled power over the ruler, the oppressed over the oppressor. In time, the order of things will be changed, asserts Engels, which change will never end.\r\nHistory had become an integral part of the future, not confined to the records of the olden times; it has passed yet continues to take part in molding the future of societies. Without Engels history would still continue and take its path as we have it today. Without Engels to help Marx, the society will still change. Therefore, Engels did have a contribution to humanity’s history. Through his writings, Lenin foresaw the frontmost World War as an imperialist war took advantage of it and made the revolution at home victorious.\r\nWith the victory of the Russian proletariat, the course of struggles around the world on the spur of the moment changed course and had a farther per spective. Not only did these liberation movements aimed to free their nations from remote domination but had decided to free them from the slavery brought about by the conception of private property. Movements did not only distort to destroy the existing political order perpetuated by tyrants, they had sought to destroy the economic foundation of tyranny. In the country from where he came from, Engels, too, caused much change.\r\nHe became one of the contributors to the German philosophy, became an inspiration to German revolutionaries and paved the way for the advancement of the German proletariat. As Germany was inhering from the conditions that what existing in Europe at that time, it too had been reached by the socialist movement that after the Second World War, Germany was divided up into two. East Germany had a socialist economy and the, capitalist. Engels had his great deal of share in the development of Marxism and socialism. He was the brain behind the Communist manifes to and Historical Materialism.\r\nHis studies in the field of history enlightened Marxists and revolutionaries in the course of the inevitable changes in the society.\r\nBibliography\r\n(Section 1) Kenwood A. G. and A. L. Lougheed. The increase of the International Economy 1820-2000: An Introductory Text. capital of the United Kingdom: Routledge, 1999. Carver, Terrell. Engels. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2003. Engels, Friedrich. â€Å"Bedouin. ” Young Engels, Marx & Engels Internet Archive. gettable from www. marxist. org. Engels, Friedrich. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. New York: Pathfinder Press, 2000.\r\n'