Brave New Brain

AP Psychology pass water Chp 2 Neuroscience Questions for Brave recent Brain, Chapter 4 by Nancy C. Andreasen Read this packet c atomic number 18fully & exclusively. The reading is very long, complex & detailed. Consider it a primer reading to athletic supporter you analyse the wag. As you read feel free to highlight or lowscore the actual text as needed. These study interrogates are to help you chance upon in on what is important. Be sure to answer all(prenominal) question fully and completely. I expect you to TYPE the answers. You may find it easier to action a copy from my web rogue and fill in the questions as you go alternatively of retyping the questions.Due to the length of this assignment it allow for count as a show grade. (HINT Questions go in order) 1. What are the three (3) types of judgement tissue? color matter, white matter, and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 2. be given the deuce (2) neurodegenerative disorders that destroy stall bodies. Alzheimers and Parkinsons 3. What does the cell system do for the affection cell? Performs staple fibre command functions 4. Why does cerebral cortex mean hindrancek of the brain? The nerve cell bodies are highly concentrated on the erupt of the brain, causing it to look like tree bark 5.What does subcortical literally mean? Below the cortex 6. Name the two (2) demyelinating diseases listed in the text. What do these types of diseases do? Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) both detriment the white matter of the brain and cut the ties that allow the nerve cells to communicate with iodine another 7. What are ventricles? Parts inside the brain that carry CSF 8. Name two of the three important functions that CSF carries out. Contain nutrients and by proceedss of brain activity to help the brain Replace issing brain tissue 9. What are gyri and sulci? Why do we have them? Draw a diagram to let off. Ridges and dips that cover the surface of the forgiving brain in ord er for the brain to have enough neurons and stick about at a healthy size, because the brain has to do adjusting and when it does, it creates the gyri and sulci 10. How does the brain bugger off? List and justify in detail each of the seven (7) travel in Table 4-1 on page 45 neuron formation, neuron migration, proliferation of dendrites and spines, synaptogenesis, myelination, pruning, and programmed cell death.You may have to read into the text to explain in detail. nerve cell formation happens a few months after fetus archetypeion, and when DNA begins to charge instructions to cells telling them to differentiate into nerve cells and some to change into colorful or heart cells. After a sufficient number of nerve cells accumulate, the neurons then embark on a journey known as neuron migration. Pathfinder cells called glia guide the neurons to a new grime where they will create the cerebral cortex and the various subcortical gray matter parts of the brain.After the brain divi des into two sides and the cells organize themselves according to the con scoreption that they will play in the activities of the brain, dendrites and spines are formed (when each neuron sprouts dendrites that extend themselves by sprouting spines). Synapses are communication points that allow more cells to communicate with each other at the equal time and vaned and change in a process called synaptogenesis. Myelination occurs when axons are covered and insulated by fat layers, which increase the information speed between neurons.Lastly, pruning and apoptosis essential occur to create a counterbalance of connections within the brain because of the excess number of unnecessary cells and connections in the brain. Pruning trims the back gigantism of dendrites and spines, and apoptosis removes the excess in a process known as programmed cell death. 11. What role does DNA play in neural organic evolution? It provides primary instructions in neural development with a concept call ed brain plasticity 12. beg off the follo assumeg in your own terminology neurons that wire together, fire together. Nerve cells that are built together and are stimulated at the same time will produce the same reaction 13. What is LTP or long term potentiation? What study neurotransmitter facilitates LTP? LTP is when the size of a neural response increases after stimulation, and is facilitated by Glutamate 14. What does the genus Hippocampus do? nonpareil of the major memory component parts of the brain and stores memories is the home for much LTP activity with Glutamate 15. What did Hubel & Wiesel win the Nobel Prize for? Specifically explain their experiment on vision & deprecative periods. Their discoveries about the brain by conducting an experiment involving covering the mettle of a very untested animal and observing cell alignment and how it wedged the function of the good eye and bad eye. Later, they uncovered the bad eye and determined that it was too late for it t o develop like the good eye. 16. What is a critical period (relate this term to more than vision)? When an area of the brain (vision, touch, or speaking) develop fully. For some parts, timing is crucial and proper development will be lost if stimulation doesnt occur at the fall off time. 17.In your own words explain the following quote on page 49 Sometimes single powerful experiences affect our brains for life. It doesnt run into something crazy to alter the brain. If the experience is strong, a sole experience fuel produce a lasting impact. 18. In your own words explain the following quote on page 50 There is a false polarity between physical and psychological People call in that treatments for depression or anxiety require physical biological treatment, barely sometimes non-biological methods can produce the same or stronger endpoints. 19. What is agenesis?How is it caused? Explain fully An abnormality of the fetal brain caused by alcohol motion-picture show nerve cells in the two hemispheres fail to channelize axons between each other and communicate. 20. What are some social consequences of LTP and human experience mentioned on page 51. Over exposure to TV or violence when young can cause children to develop a passive learning vogue or become insensitive to violence and/or pain. 21. Write come out the Latin or Greek meaning and the function for the following cerebellum, thalamus, hippocampus, subcortical, amygdala, neocortex, hypothalamus & head teacher callosum. Cerebellum little brain coordinates movement, thinking, and emotion Thalamus marriage bed filter or central switchboard of the brain Hippocampus seahorse memory subcortical downstairs the bark any gray matter region that lies below the cortex of the brain Amygdala almond emotional memory neocortex new bark more highly evolved cortical area Hypothalamus under the bed modulation of appetites and drives Corpus Callosum firm body axon tracks connecting two hemispheres of the brain 22. What is the drive strip in charge of? Where is it located?What is the motor homunculus? Who found it? In charge of movement throughout the body located in frontal lobe. Motor Humunculus is a pattern that connects experience of touch to movement in our bodies and it was mapped out by Wilder Penfield. 23. List and explain what each of the four (4) lobes of the cerebral cortex do. Frontal Lobes planning, deciding, remembering, and qualification moral judgements Temporal Lobes language and some parts of memory parietal Lobes sensory and visuospatial associations Occipital Lobes contain regions used for visual perception 24.What do they mean by the mind on page 56? psychic activities such as remembering and communicating (rather than the scientific aspects of the brain) 25. Compare and line the two (2) general methods of brain research on page 57. Lesion method Provides information about the brain by showing what the brain was no longer able to do after having a particular percenta ge taken away Functional Imaging Techniques permit scientists to directly go steady which parts of the healthy brain are used to perform specialised functions Contrast Lesion method exploited accidents and strange natural occurrences 26.Define aphasia and then explain the two (2) different types. What happens if your angular gyrus is damage? Aphasia is called the loss of language (failure to associate meaning to sound waves). Types Wernickes (individual loses talent to speak coherently because the ability to comprehend the language is lost) and Brocas (individual knows whats being utter but cant express himself). If the angular gyrus is damaged the ability to read and write will be diminished, but the ability to understand wont be. 27.Explain what Karl Lashley was aspect for. What happened to H. M. as a result of his surgery? What do the amygdala and hippocampus do? He was looking for proof that no specific lesion could produce deficits in memory H. M was completely voided of the ability to remember any new information. The amygdala and hippocampus mediate some learning/memory and work together to send and store memories. 28. What brain structure acts as an attention filter? The Thalamus 29. What does the anterior system (cortex) do?What is a prefrontal syndrome? Historical cases? It mediates executive functions (abstract thought, originative problem solving, and behavior). A prefrontal syndrome is a lesion in the orbital region of the prefrontal cortex. A historical case is when Phineas Gage got an iron bar through his left frontal lobe and exhibited drastic personality and developmental differences/changes. 30. What does the cerebellum do? Coordinates movement, thinking, and emotion 31. What is the limbic system in charge of?What four (4) major parts make up this system? Feeling and monitoring emotions with basic survival drives cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and amygdala, mammillary bodies and anterior thalamus 32. Briefly explain how a neurotransmitt er whole caboodle (not action potential). Draw me a sketch. Small molecule or chemic that transmits nerve signals from one neuron to another 33. The last parts are wordy. List and summarize all of the functions of the following chemicals dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, GABA, and glutamate. Dopamine first product synthesized from the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase close chemical relationship with norepinephrine and epinephrine make neurotransmitter in the brain and plays role in Parkinsons and schizophrenia norepinephrine sends projections throughout the whole brain affects almost every region in the brain, and plays a large part in mood disorders Serotonin draw near midbrain, similar to norepinephrine and plays important roles in antidepressant medications Acetylcholine in the lens nucleus basalis of Meyner and protects the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus memory encoder GABA amino acid neurotransmitter inhibitory role in the brain relatively long tract c haracterizes Huntingtons disease Glutamate amino acid neurotransmitter excitatory role can be harmful if presented in large amounts (produce excessive neuronal excitation) produce signs of psychosis 34. Finally, in your own words tell me why the whole brain is greater than the sum of its parts? In order for the brain to function, all parts must work together, which means that no part can be completely dysfunctional (although brain plasticity can to some degree balance and make up for the disfunction).